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Higher Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we call the changes in organisms over generations as a result of genetic variation?

A

evolution

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2
Q

During natural selection, what happens to the frequency of DNA sequences that increase the chances of survival?

A

increase

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3
Q

During natural selection, what happens to the frequency of deleterious sequences?

A

reduce

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4
Q

Is natural selection random or non-random?

A

non-random

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5
Q

What does deleterious mean?

A

harmful

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6
Q

Name the 3 types of selection.

A

stabilising, directional, disruptive

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7
Q

What is selected for in stabilising selection?

A

an average phenotype

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8
Q

What is selected against in stabilising selection?

A

the extremes of the phenotype

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9
Q

What is selected for in directional selection?

A

one of the extremes

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10
Q

What is selected for in disruptive selection?

A

2 or more phenotypes

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11
Q

What is it called where genes are transferred between individuals of the same generation?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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12
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?

A

Genes are passed from one generation to the next

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13
Q

Which type of cells can carry out vertical and horizontal gene transfer?

A

Prokaryotes

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14
Q

What is an advantage of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Rapid natural selection/evolutionary change

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15
Q

What do we call the generation of new biological species by evolution?

A

speciation

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16
Q

What are the 3 stages (in order!) of speciation?

A

isolation, mutation, selection

17
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

18
Q

What type of speciation takes place with geographical barriers?

A

allopatric

19
Q

Name the 2 possible barriers involved in sympatric speciation.

A

ecological and behavioural

20
Q

Why are isolation barriers so important to the process of speciation?

A

They prevent gene flow between the sub-populations

Higher Biology (24 decks)

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