Gender - module 11 Flashcards
gender vs sex
gender- practicing roles, different in cultures
sex- assigned at birth
sexual dimorphism
The phenotypic, expressed physical differences between males and females of the same species
primary sex characteristics
genitalia(penis, vagina, sperm, egg)
secondary sex characteristics
height, weight hair(men can grow beards)
multiple genders
Gender Spectrum: A non-dual view of gender beyond male and female
hijra in India
transgender individuals perform at weddings and birth celebrations; yet they also face much discrimination. Many are born as male and cross over to female.
Bugis 5 genders
- ethnic group in indonesia
- 5 genders
-born as men live as women vice versa
Native American two-spirits
“Two Spirits” in Native North America
Historically many tribes have a 4 gender model masculine men, feminine men masculine women feminine women. often had ritual roles, berdache was outsider term, since colonialism face discrimination.
transgender
a gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one’s sex at birth: people whose gender identity and expression do noy correspond with the biological sex category they were assigned at birth. Culturally defined about 1.4 million people identify as transgender in US
intersex
biologically indeterminated; an individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads (testes/ovaries) and/ or chromosomes.
cis-gender
gender identity that aligns with the sex assigned at birth.
gender stratification
an unequal distribution of power and access to a groups resources opportunities right and privileges based on gender
gender ideologies
Gender stratification develops out of stereotypes and ideologies not out of biology.
gender socialization
-Through everyday activities and interactions that enculturate individuals to gender roles which through their repeated successful enactment are internalized and biome automatic and come to seem natural (T-ball ex, toys, marketing to kids, etc),
gender discrimination
When someone is treated differently because of their gender.
gender violence
Hate crimes and people who dont fit into standard gender norms are subject to violence
gender performance
Gender is an identity that is actively expressed aka performed. (West and zimmerman)
gender& work
Jobs can characterized as feminine or masculine. Ex: men being pushed in to STEM than women. Stereotype that men are good at science and math and women are good at history and english.
Weiner
Rethought malonowski work in trobriand island from the female perspective. Conclusions were different.
Landers & Fine
Gender roles learned early on. Study of boys and girls playing tball. Boys were given feedback of reinforcement, correction and encourage competition while girls were hardly corrected and were praised for trying.
West & Zimmerman
doing gender through behavior speech dress- gender is not fixed but an identity that is expressed/ performed
Butler
gender is the effect of reiterated acting performativity (through action and reinforcement that’s how it gets solidified, hard for people to not do their actions, expectation, people going against the norm, women taking leadership are bossy- she’s going against her expectation)
