Gender Language theorists Flashcards

1
Q

What did Jespersen’s Deficit View suggest about women’s language?

A
  • The Deficit View: Women’s Language is “deficient” (inadequate)
  • Common thought among many people at the time (1922)
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2
Q

What did Lakoff’s Deference Model suggest about Women’s Language?

A
  • Women are socialised into being “deferential” (submissive)
    3 examples:
  • Hypercorrectness
  • Superpolitness (would you mind?)
  • Empty adjectives of approval (cute)
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3
Q

What did Zimmerman and West’s Dominance Model suggest about Women’s Language?

A
  • The Dominance Model: Men use interruptions during conversation to actively dominate women
  • Overlaps are used to show support and engagement (within 2 or 3 words of the TRP)
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4
Q

What did Fishman suggest about Women’s Language?

A
  • Women use the tag “y’know” 5x more than men
  • Men actively withhold support from women
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5
Q

What did Holmes say about tag questions?

A
  • They aren’t always requests for support (speaker-oriented)
  • They can politely invite the other interlocutor into conversation (addressee-oriented)
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6
Q

What did DeFrancisco say about gender and language?

A
  • Women introduce more topics and work harder to keep conversations going
  • Men choose or reject topics
  • This is called “conversational shiftwork”
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7
Q

What did Leet-Pelligrini say about gender and language?

A
  • Gender AND expertise determine dominance
    1. Male experts
    2. Female experts + Male non-experts
    3. Female non-experts
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8
Q

What did Tannen’s difference model suggest caused differences in language?

A
  • Men and women are just different
  • Boys socialise through competitive activities (e.g sport)
  • Girls socialise through cooperative activities
  • There are binary opposites such as info vs feelings or advice vs understanding
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9
Q

What did Fishman’s study on tag questions reveal?

A
  • Women use the tag “y’know” 5x more than men
  • This is because men actively withhold support from women
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10
Q

What did Holmes’ study on tag questions reveal?

A
  • It criticised Fishman’s study
  • Identified two types of tag questions
    • Speaker oriented: the speaker benefits (mostly men)
    • Addressee oriented: other interlocutor benefits (mostly women)
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11
Q

What is Anne Bodine’s Androcentric principle?

A
  • Male speech features are valued higher than female speech features
  • Women’s speech features are always condemned, even when behaving like men
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12
Q

What did Deborah Jones’ study on women’s conversation reveal?

A
  • Women’s talk falls into 4 categories
    1. House talk
    2. Scandal (judging the behaviours of others)
    3. Bitching (raging at women’s injustice)
    4. Chatting (intimate things that build relationships)
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13
Q

What did Carmen Fought’s study on “power tools” reveal?

A
  • Stigmatised female features such as “like” and uptalk help young women build relationships
  • Young women tend to start language changes and are condemned
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14
Q

What did Koenraad Kuiper’s Rugby Club study reveal?

A
  • Face threats are common amongst men
  • Negative reactions to the face threats are stigmatised
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15
Q

What did Cameron say about Performative Language?

A
  • All language and gender features are chosen to present ourselves in different ways
  • Performing to social norms and expectations = “verbal hygiene”
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16
Q

What did Butler say about Performative Language?

A
  • Gender is a choice that chooses how you perform (e.g. falsetto in Podesva’s study)
17
Q

What did Coates say about men’s and women’s conversations?

A
  • Men tell jokes
  • Women tell stories
18
Q

What did O’Barr and Atkins say about speech?

A
  • Feature usage is determined by status not gender
  • It is Powerless language, not Women’s Language
19
Q

What dud Butler say about Drag Queens?

A

They identify and perform femininity for money

20
Q

What did Baxter say about power and language?

A
  • Powerful women act like Powerful men
  • Therefore power > gender
21
Q

What did Eakens and Eakens say about gendered language?

A
  • Observed uni faculty meetings
  • found indirect correlation between place in hierarchy and interruptions suffered (regardless of gender)
  • They also found that men used delayed minimal responses to silence women
22
Q

What did Pilkington’s Bakery Study say about single sex conversations?

A

Women:
- Talk is used to maintain social relationships
- Agree frequently and collaborate on stories
Men
- Disagree and compete