Gender Identities Flashcards
Archer and Lloyd (1985)
Gender Stereotypes. Feminine - Affectionate, tender, childlike, soft spoken, shy, gentle. Masculine - undemonstrative, aggressive, assertive, confident, competitive.
Lees (1986)
Commonly assumed that males and females have difference sexual personalities (women interested in love, men more in sex). Also given different sexual ‘scripts’ - men do the chasing, women are passive sex objects.
Steven Goldberg (1979)
Men have inbuilt ‘dominant tendency’ and this is why they tend to occupy the top roles in society.
Margaret Mead (1935)
Showed cultural flexibility og gender through New Guinea tribes. Arapesh tribe - both sexes were gentle and submissive. Mundungemor tribe - both were aggressive, rough and competitive. Tchambuli - the gender roles were reverse of Western stereotypes.
Oakley (1972)
Different terms of endearment for boys and girls one.
Christine Skelton (2002)
Study of Benwood Primary school. At school Assembly, men would be called to move equipment, teachers would refer to boys as ‘you’ or ‘that boy’ and ‘darling’ or sweetheart’ if it was a girl.
Connell (1995)
Boys tend to be socialized into a style of masculinity which stresses toughness, competition, hierarchy and aggression. This is called hegemonic masculinity.
Emma Reynold (2001)
Boys in final year of primary school. Some boys construct alternative masculinity - gentle, academic, artistic. Boys who are studious and academic find out quickly that this conflicts with the hegemonic form of masculinity. They risk being teased so they continue to work hard but adopt strategies to avoid being seen as feminine.
Sue Lees (1993)
Female teenagers in schools. Girls put stress on looking right. girls feel they have to show they are ‘good’ girls rather than ‘slags’ and girls fear that if they dress too ‘loose’ or ‘sexy’ a fashion their reputation would be destroyed.
David Abbott (2000)
Overview of men’s growing interest in fashion and grooming. They are taking a keener interest in their clothes, hair and personal appearance and are growing more confident about expressing their masculinity through the way they dress and groom.
Mac an Ghaill (1994)
Insecurity faced by these men as a ‘crisis of masculinity’. Their traditional masculine identity is no longer relevant yet they are not comfortable with alternative male identities. Men respond to this by becoming depressed, fatalistic etc.
Helen Wilkinson (1997)
National sample of 18-34 year olds. Young people tend to more confident and assertive and take for granted that they can choose their own lifestyles. women are more willing o make risks, live life on the ‘edge’ and seek pleasure and fun.
