Gender (external)

Question 1

Overview

Answer 1

. the rise of feminism
. crisis of masculinity
. changes in policy
. gender socialisation
. gender roles

Question 2

The rise of feminism

Answer 2

equal opportunities in scoiety
Equality act 2010
equal pay act 1970
sex discrimination act 1975

Question 3

Wilkinson (The rise of feminism)

Answer 3

‘gender quake’
fight for equality, rejection of gender norms, increased awareness

Question 4

McRobbie (The rise of feminism)

Answer 4

‘Jackie’ magazine
articles + audiences reaction
shift from wanting to be a housewife/mother to wanting a career

Question 5

Sharp (The rise of feminism)

Answer 5

women now aspire to having a career and being more independent

Question 6

Adler (The rise of feminism)

Answer 6

liberation thesis
women have more freedom and power

Question 7

Carlen (The rise of feminism)

Answer 7

rejection of the gender deal

Question 8

Connell (crisis of masculinity)

Answer 8

hegemonic masculinity - dominant masculinity
: superior, benefit patriarchy, breadwinner, strong, ‘boss jobs’, not showing emotions, straight
A03 with beck new man

Question 9

Kimmel (crisis of masculinity)

Answer 9

culture of masculinity
1. culture of silence - not discussing emotions
2. culture of protection - ‘boys will be boys’
A02: brock turner - lesser sexual assault charge because he was a ‘promising athlete’
3. culture of entitlement - men should just ‘expect’.
incel culture - expect women to sleep with them because they are ‘nice guys’

Question 10

mac an gail (crisis of masculinity)

Answer 10

men + masculinity crisis - men are struggling to find their masculine identity
link to toxic masculinity - andrew tate

Question 11

Mitsos + Browne (crisis of masculinity)

Answer 11

identity crisis - decline in manual jobs (moved abroad) *link to globalisation
struggling to get a ‘proper job’

Question 12

Sugarman (crisis of masculinity)

Answer 12

working class subculture
1. fatalism
2. immediate gratification
3. present time orientation
4. collectivism

Question 13

miller (crisis of masculinity)

Answer 13

focal concerns
1. smartness
2. toughness
3. autonomy
4. trouble
5. excitement
6. fate

Question 14

merton

Answer 14

strain theory
1. retreatist
2. ritualist
3. rebellion
4. innovation
5. conformity

Question 15

Changes in policy

Answer 15

equality act, equal pay act, sex discrimination, same sex marriage act, abortion act, divorce act - all contributed to our changing society
fight for equality means women may feel inferior and this can impact attitudes in school

Question 16

Kelly (gender socialisation)

Answer 16

gender differences in spatial ability may be due to the toys children played with rather than genetics

Question 17

Bryne (gender socialisation)

Answer 17

the cycle of discrimination against women is created by parents and teachers reinforce sex stereotypes, becoming the basis for discriminatory practices

Question 18

J.W.B Douglass (gender socialisation)

Answer 18

families tend to devote more resources to boys than girls

Question 19

Riddel (gender socialisation)

Answer 19

parents conception of femininity were complex and would vary by class

Question 20

Norman (gender socialisation)

Answer 20

girls are expected to play with certain toys that develop certain attitudes

Question 21

Edwards + David (gender socialisation)

Answer 21

boys biologically and socially mature more slowly than girls because primary socialisation encourages them to be boisterous and attention seeking

Question 22

Frosh

Answer 22

boys behaviour is often shaped and policed by their peer group. His research discovered that many boys regard schoolwork as ‘feminine’ and ‘unmanly’

Question 23

gender roles

Answer 23

social trends - the number of men and women in paid work is virtually the same.
The decline in manufacturing has lead to a decline in traditional WC men’s factory jobs.
office of national statistics - women are more likely to take on the breadwinner role, there’s more divorce, more lone parent families, women more likely to stay single.
(can use f+h gender roles theorists)