Gender Flashcards

Question

Limitation of BSRI - Spence et al

Answer 1

Fourth category was needed to distinguish between high male/female scores and low female/male scores

Answer 2

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

Answer 3

Half carry X Half carry Y

Answer 4

Sex Determining Region Y

Answer 5

Y chromosome

Answer 6

Causes the testes to develop and produce androgens

Answer 7

Male sex hormones

Answer 8

Testosterone Oestrogen Oxytocin

Answer 9

Can affect brain development (right hemisphere)

Answer 10

Grow facial hair Deeper voice

Answer 11

Smaller brain size (left hemisphere)

Answer 12

Menstrual cycle Mood swings

Answer 13

Breastfeeding Fight or flight response

Answer 14

Fight or flight response But suppressed by testosterone

Answer 15

Differences in Sex Development (DSD) is a group of rare conditions, including genes, hormones and reproductive organs, including genitals Means a person's sex development is different to most other peoples Sometimes the term Disorder of Sex Development is used as is Variations in Sex Characteristics (VSC) or Diverse Sex Development Some adults and young people with DSD prefer to use the term intersex Diagnosis and treatment

Answer 16

Gave 43 males an injection of testosterone or a placebo No significant difference was found in aggression after 10 weeks Used double-blind procedure, reducing experimenter bias and demand characteristics, increasing internal validity of experiment

Answer 17

Nature overpowered nurture Bruce had surgery that resulted in penis being burnt off and being castrated Brought up as a girl (Brenda) Told that she was born as a biological male and chose to transition back (David)

Answer 18

Cannot generalise to whole population

Answer 19

1 in 600 males

Answer 20

Reduced body hair Some breast development Underdeveloped genitals More susceptible to health problems (usually problems associated with females)

Answer 21

Poorly developed language skills and reading ability Shy Passive Lacking interest in sexual activity Tend not to respond well to stressful situations Problems with executive functions (problem-solving)

Answer 22

Higher levels of oestrogen Lower levels of testosterone

Answer 23

1 in 5000 females

Answer 24

No menstrual cycle Broad "shield" chest and no developing of breasts Low-set ears "Webbed" neck Hips not that much bigger than waist Sterile

Answer 25

Higher-than-average reading ability Lower-than-average performance on spatial, visual memory and mathematical tasks Socially immature

Answer 26

Individual's expectations might be limited Employers could discriminate against them Minority group Parents could feel guilty

Answer 27

Treatments Diagnosis

Answer 28

Klinefelter - shy - could be low self-esteem and comparing to others Turner - social immaturity - fertility issues/periods, lack maturity because not getting period at same time of others Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 29

The theory applies everywhere

Answer 30

Complexity of thinking about gender develops as you get older

Answer 31

Process of how we learn stereotypes

Answer 32

Focuses on how children's thinking changes as they get older Suggests cognitive changes with maturation are universal Emphasises a stage approach to gender development?

Answer 33

Gender identity Gender stability Gender consistency/constancy

Answer 34

Children are able to correctly identity themselves as male or female Understanding of gender limited to labelling No sense of permanence of gender

Answer 35

Children realise they will stay the same gender Can't apply gender logic to other people and other situations

Answer 36

6-12 years

Answer 37

Understand that other people's gender is consistent even if they dress differently (across time and situation)

Answer 38

Gender consistency/constancy

Answer 39

Were you a boy or a girl when you were a baby? When you grow up will you be a mummy or a daddy? Only children aged 3-4 could answer these questions correctly

Answer 40

Made children watch a split screen with one side showing a female doing stereotypical activities and the other side showing a male doing stereotypical activities Children who were categorised as high constancy watched their "model" whereas low constancy children watched both models

Answer 41

Are you a boy or a girl? 76% correct at age 2 90% correct at age 3 As children mature, they have a better understanding of gender identity

Answer 42

Less vocabulary Demand characteristics Inconsistent answers

Answer 43

Mental packages of information of gender-appropriate behaviours based on experiences

Answer 44

6 years old

Answer 45

It is deleted or manipulated

Answer 46

During the gender identity stage 2-3 years old

Answer 47

Created first 2-3 years

Answer 48

The group with which a person identifies

Answer 49

Refers to the groups which you believe are different to you

Answer 50

Positively evaluate ingroup, ensuring they are similar Negatively evaluate outgroup, avoiding their behaviours

Answer 51

Both but mainly nurture

Answer 52

Deterministic

Answer 53

Beta bias: males and females develop gender schemas in the same way However, boys are more stereotypical than girls

Answer 54

Can explain cultural differences because people have different experiences to create their schemas

Answer 55

Not too bad

Answer 56

Children, under age 6, were shown photographs with either gender consistent or inconsistent behaviour Asked to recall photos a week later More gender consistent photos remembered better Gender inconsistent photos manipulated

Answer 57

Children whose mothers work have less stereotypical views of what men do Children are not entirely fixed in their view but are reception to some gender-inconsistent ideas Fact that gender schemas lead to misremembering or distorting information has important implications for effects to reduce gender stereotypes

Answer 58

4-9 year olds labelled gender neutral items as male or female Children followed stereotypes and paid more attention to their ingroup items One week later, recalled more information on their ingroup items

Answer 59

Children at age 4 did not reach gender stability or consistency But could demonstrate stereotypically attitudes

Answer 60

Children identity with the same sex parent

Answer 61

Children copy/remember behaviours of the same sex parent

Answer 62

Phallic stage

Answer 63

Age 3-4, boys desire their mothers sole attention Dad is rival, fears castration (castration anxiety) and wants to eliminate him IDENTIFICATION with father leads to INTERNALISATION of male gender identity Repression occurs and they don't remember hating father Displace desire for mother onto other women

Answer 64

Girl loves mum but gets penis envy and hates mum Girl loves father Displaces penis envy onto wanting a baby IDENTIFIES with mum and INTERNALISES the female gender identity

Answer 65

Gender identity and role acquired in phallic stage Before this, child has no gender identity and sexual desires directed indiscriminately In phallic stage, focus of libido moves to genitals and development of boys and girls diverge

Answer 66

Freud said spend more time with dad Little Hans identified with his father and internalised the male gender identity Repression of castration anxiety

Answer 67

Cannot generalise - individual differences Lacks replicability Can't control variables

Answer 68

Psychodynamic says child must grow up in a conventional nuclear family Studied 37 children growing up in non-traditional nuclear families (transsexual or homosexual parents) In all but one case, children developed "typical" gender identities and role behaviours

Answer 69

Lack of falsifiability Lack of scientific evidence Most based on unconscious mind so unable to scientifically test

Answer 70

Are you a boy or a girl? 76% correct at 2 90% correct at 3 As children mature, they have a better understanding of gender identity

Answer 71

Through observing others

Answer 72

Through reinforcement

Answer 73

Vicarious reinforcement Vicarious punishment

Answer 74

If an individual's/role model's behaviour is rewarded, more likely to be imitated by child

Answer 75

If an individual's/role model's behaviour is punished, less likely to be imitated by child

Answer 76

Attention Retention Motor reproduction Motivation

Answer 77

Children are reinforced for GENDER-APPROPRITAE behaviours Boys praised for being active and punished for being passive

Answer 78

Behaviour that girls and boys are praised for/reinforced with is different, which they then reproduce Explains why boys and girls learn distinctly different GENDER BEHAVIOURS

Answer 79

Smith and Lloyd Given a baby in blue/pink clothes Parents handed the blue baby, engaged in "rough and tumble" play and gave them male toys (hammer) Parents handed the pink baby, complimented the baby and gave them cuddly toys

Answer 80

Perry and Bushey Displayed video of male/female eating fruit Later given a choice of fruit Copied what they'd seen earlier

Answer 81

Bandura believes modelling gender-appropriate behaviour starts at birth At birth, babies couldn't have motor reproduction

Answer 82

Girls watched female role model and boys watched male role model Imitation of same sex role models Boys = higher physical violence Girls = higher verbal violence

Answer 83

Can't explain difference between the violence in boys and girls Violence

Answer 84

Provides role models who children identity with and want to imitate Typically portrays clear role models Roles played by characters display rigid gender behaviour Done through vicarious reinforcement

Answer 85

Showed TV for first time to a group of children Two years later, they had become significantly more stereotyped

Answer 86

Girls = stereotyping reduced by non-stereotypical media Boys = have a backlash and become more stereotypical

Answer 87

Where there is an inconsistency/conflict/incongruence between one's assigned gender, on the basis of external sexual characteristics and the expressed gender or psychological perception of self as male or female

Answer 88

BSTc (area of the brain) is the size of the patient's gender identity rather than biological sex

Answer 89

40% larger

Answer 90

40% larger, like males

Answer 91

Zhou et al Examined BSTc post-mortem and after transgender individuals had received hormones during gender reassignment treatment Hormone treatment had changed the size of the BSTc

Answer 92

Post-mortems can't establish cause and effect as can't see the change

Answer 93

2010 study of 121 transgender people 38% realised they had gender variance by age 5 White matter differences could provide independent confirmation that such children might benefit from treatment to delay puberty

Answer 94

Males Experiencing extreme separation anxiety before gender identity is established Want to merge with their mother creating asymbolic fusion

Answer 95

Liben and Bigler adapted GST to include gender identity disorder Believe a child's attitude is affected by the activities they enjoy Adapt gender schema to include non-stereotypical information and show more flexible gender behaviour

Answer 96

Studied 115 boys with concerns about their gender identity 64% also diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder Rekers believes it's the fathers absence that it's more likely to create gender dysphoria

Answer 97

Very little information about why a child may have interest in non-stereotypical activities and information

Gender Flashcards

Introduction to Gender; Sex-Role Stereotypes; Androgyny and BSRI; Chromosomes and Hormones; Atypical Sex Chromosome Patterns; Kohlberg's Theory; Gender Schema Theory, Psychodynamic Explanation; Social Learning Theory; Culture and Media; Atypical Gender Development