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Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

One of the main messenger systems

Complex collection of nerves and neurons that transmit signals between different ports along the way

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2
Q

How does the nervous system deliver messages?

A

Electronically through the body using synapses and neurons

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3
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialised cells

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4
Q

What is the structure of the nervous system?

A

NS -> CNS and PNS

CNS -> spinal cord and brain

PNS -> ANS and SNS

ANS -> sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

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5
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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6
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Makes complex decisions for the body

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7
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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8
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

Collects sensory information

Passes information to the CNS

Carries out the actions from the CNS

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9
Q

What does SNS stand for?

A

Somatic Nervous System

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10
Q

What is the function of the SNS?

A

Control voluntary movements and skeletal muscles

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11
Q

What does ANS stand for?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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12
Q

What is the function of the ANS?

A

Controls involuntary movements and smooth muscles

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13
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Calms the body to conserve and maintain energy (rest and digest)

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14
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Arouses body to expend energy (fight or flight mode)

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15
Q

Are we usually in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state?

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Connects brain and PNS

In charge of reflexes

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17
Q

Strength of nervous system - practical application diagnosis

A

Anxiety disorder

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18
Q

Strength of nervous system - practical application treatment

A

Drug treatment - SSRI

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19
Q

AO3 nervous system - scientific

A

Electrical impulse measured

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20
Q

Limitation of nervous system - individual differences

A

Freeze - can’t explain why some people freeze

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21
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Chemical messenger of the body

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22
Q

What are the messages that the endocrine system sends?

A

Hormones

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23
Q

How does the endocrine system deliver messages?

A

Chemically through the bloodstream

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24
Q

What are glands?

A

Organs in the human or animal body which secrete particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings

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25
Q

What are hormones?

A

Regulatory substances produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids (blood, sap) to stimulate cells or tissues into action

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26
Q

What is the difference between the type of signal in the nervous vs endocrine system?

A

N - electrical (chemical at synapse)

E - chemical

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27
Q

What is the difference in the transmission in signal between the nervous vs endocrine system?

A

N - by neurons

E - by the bloodstream

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28
Q

What is the difference in the effectors used in the nervous vs endocrine system?

A

N - muscles or glands

E - target cells in particular tissues

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29
Q

What is the difference in the type of response between the nervous vs endocrine system?

A

N - muscle contraction or secretion

E - chemical change

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30
Q

What is the difference in the duration of response between nervous vs endocrine system?

A

N - short (until nerve impulses stop)

E - long (until hormone is broken down)

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31
Q

What is the difference in the speed of response between the nervous vs endocrine system?

A

N - very rapid

E - slower

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32
Q

What are some examples of glands?

A

Thyroid

Pituitary

Ovaries

Testes

Salivary

Adrenal

Pineal

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33
Q

What is the hormone (and function of that hormone) that is secreted from the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal – adrenaline – fight or flight (increased heart rate, increased respiration, sweating)

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34
Q

What is the hormone (and function of that hormone) that is secreted from the ovaries?

A

Ovaries – oestrogen – controls regulation of female reproductive system (menstrual cycle)

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35
Q

What is the hormone (and function of that hormone) that is secreted from the testes?

A

Testes – testosterone – responsible for development of male sex characteristics (aggression, body hair)

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36
Q

Strength of endocrine system - practical application diagnosis

A

Diabetes

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37
Q

Strength of endocrine system - practical application treatment

A

Drug treatment - insulin

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38
Q

AO3 endocrine system - scientific

A

Blood tests

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39
Q

Limitation of endocrine system - individual differences

A

Freeze - can’t explain why some people freeze

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40
Q

What is the role of the nervous system in fight or flight?

A

ANS is the main component

Typically body in parasympathetic nervous state but when ANS perceives a threat, it changes body into sympathetic nervous state

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41
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system in fight or flight?

A

Works alongside ANS

Main element of endocrine system that’s active during fight or flight is the adrenals producing adrenaline

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42
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous state?

A

Increased heart rate

Increased respiration

Sweating

Pupils dilate

Stops digestion

Stops saliva production

Contracts rectum

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43
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous state?

A

Decreased heart rate

Decreased respiration

Constricts pupils

Starts digestion

Starts salivation

Relaxes rectum

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44
Q

Strength of fight or flight - practical application diagnosis

A

Anxiety disorder

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45
Q

Strength of fight or flight - practical application treatment

A

SSRI

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46
Q

AO3 fight or flight - scientific

A

Blood test

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47
Q

Limitation of fight or flight - individual differences

A

Some people freeze and some tend + befriend

Can’t explain those differences

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48
Q

What is a way to remember which diagram is the relay neuron?

A

Smaller

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49
Q

What is a way to remember which diagram is the sensory neuron?

A

Cell body at the side

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50
Q

What is a way to remember which diagram is the motor neuron?

A

Lollypop shape

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51
Q

What is the size of a sensory neuron’s dendrites?

A

Long

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52
Q

What is the size of a sensory neuron’s axon?

A

Short

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53
Q

What is the function of the sensory neuron?

A

Receives/collects sensory information

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54
Q

Where are sensory neurons located?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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55
Q

What is the size of a relay neuron’s dendrites?

A

Short

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56
Q

What is the size of a relay neuron’s axon?

A

Short

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57
Q

What is the function of relay neurons?

A

Decision-maker

Sensory-motor connector

Carries complex decisions

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58
Q

Where are the relay neurons located?

A

Central Nervous System (mainly brain)

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59
Q

What is the size of a motor neuron’s dendrites?

A

Short

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60
Q

What is the size of a motor neuron’s axon?

A

Long

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61
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

Actions decisions through effectors

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62
Q

Where are motor neurons located?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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63
Q

Strength of neurons - practical application diagnosis

A

Motor neurone disease

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64
Q

Strength of neurons - practical application treatment

A

Pacemaker in brain

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65
Q

AO3 neurons - scientific

A

Electrical impulse measured

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66
Q

Limitation of neurons - individual differences

A

Freeze - some people freeze

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67
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branch-like structures which carries impulses to the cell body

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68
Q

What is an axon?

A

Carries impulses away from the cell body down the length of the neuron

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69
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

Communicates with the next neuron over the synapse

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70
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Contain the neurotransmitters

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71
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to the next neuron

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72
Q

What is the beginning stage of synaptic transmission?

A

An ELECTRICAL IMPULSE is passed down the pre-synaptic neuron (axon)

Pre-synaptic neuron gets the vesicles to release neurotransmitters

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73
Q

What is the middle stage of synaptic transmission?

A

Neurotransmitters passed to the synapse via the terminal buttons

Then CHEMICALLY diffuse through the synapse

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74
Q

What is the end stage of synaptic transmission?

A

Neurotransmitters collected by the receptor sites of the post-synaptic neuron (dendrite)

Return to an ELECTRICAL STATE

Send an electrical impulse down the post-synaptic neuron (dendrite)

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75
Q

What is the fourth mark for a synaptic transmission question?

A

SUMMATION - totals/adds up the electrical charge of neurotransmitters

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76
Q

What are the two different types of neurotransmitter?

A

Excitation

Inhibition

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77
Q

What charge does an excitation neurotransmitter increase?

A

POSITIVE charge of postsynaptic charge

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78
Q

Does an excitation neurotransmitter increase or decrease the likelihood of the neurons firing?

A

Increase

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79
Q

What is an example of excitation neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

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80
Q

What charge does an inhibition neurotransmitter increase?

A

NEGATIVE charge of postsynaptic charge

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81
Q

Does an inhibition neurotransmitter increase or decrease the likelihood of the neurons firing?

A

Decrease

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82
Q

What is an example of an inhibition neurotransmitter?

A

Serotonin

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83
Q

What is summation?

A

Post-synaptic neuron adds up the charge of the excitation and inhibition neurotransmitters that have been passed and calculates whether overall the post-synaptic neuron is in an excitatory or inhibitory state

84
Q

Strength of synaptic transmission - practical application diagnosis

A

Parkinsons

85
Q

Strength of synaptic transmission - practical application treatment

A

Pacemaker in brain

86
Q

AO3 synaptic transmission - scientific

A

Electrical impulse measured

87
Q

Limitation of synaptic transmission - individual differences

A

Freeze - can’t explain why some people freeze rather than fly

88
Q

What is localisation of function?

A

Each brain area has a specialised function, which is unique to that brain area

89
Q

What side of the body is the left hemisphere in charge of?

A

Right hand side of the body

90
Q

What side of the body is the right hemisphere in charge of?

A

Left hand side of the body

91
Q

What the different areas of the brain that are named in the specification for localisation?

A

Motor cortex

Somatosensory cortex

Visual cortex

Auditory cortex

Broca’s area

Wernicke’s area

92
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

Back of the frontal lobe

Both hemispheres

93
Q

What is function of the motor cortex?

A

In charge of movement

94
Q

What happens in the motor cortex is damaged?

A

Paralysis

95
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

Front of parietal lobe

Both hemispheres

96
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?

A

Process sensory information (pain, heat)

97
Q

What happens in the somatosensory cortex is damaged?

A

Numbness (loss of sensation)

98
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

Back of the occipital lobe

Both hemispheres

99
Q

What is the function of the visual cortex?

A

Processes visual information

100
Q

What happens if the visual cortex is damaged

A

Blindness

101
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

Middle of the temporal lobe

Both hemispheres

102
Q

What is the function of the auditory cortex?

A

Processes auditory information

103
Q

What happens if the auditory cortex is damaged?

A

Deafness

104
Q

What are the two language centres?

A

Broca’s area

Wernicke’s area

105
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Frontal lobe

LEFT hemisphere ONLY

106
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Speech production

107
Q

What happens if Broca’s area is damaged?

A

Slow, stuttered speech

May be incapable of saying certain words (Broca’s aphasia)

108
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Back of the temporal lobe

LEFT hemisphere ONLY

109
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Speech comprehension

110
Q

What happens if Wernicke’s area is damaged?

A

Produce nonsense words (Wernicke’s aphasia)

111
Q

fMRI scanning task

Strength of localisation - research support

A

Peterson et al

Used brain scans to demonstrate how Wernicke’s area was active during listening task

Broca’s area active during reading task

112
Q

Strength of localisation - Phineas Gage case study

A

Had metre-length pole go through his head, taking most of his left frontal lobe

He turned from someone who was calm and reserved to someone rude and quick tempered

113
Q

Limitation of localisation - Lashley’s research

A

Removed areas of rat’s cortex (between 10-50%) that were learning a maze

No area proven more important

Process of learning required every part of cortex

114
Q

Counterargument localisation - Lashley’s research - extrapolation and ethics

A

Rat brains and human brains are different

Can’t replicate on humans

115
Q

Strength of localisation - practical application

A

Diagnosis

Doughtery et al
- 44 OCD patients who had undergone neurosurgical procedure involving lesioning of the cingulotomy gyrus
- after 32 weeks, 1/3 reported successful response and 14% reported partial response

116
Q

Strength of localisation - scientific

A

Has a scientific method

117
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A

Belief that each hemisphere has a specific function/responsibility

118
Q

What are the functions of the left hemisphere?

A

Verbal/speech

Right field vision

Right side motor skills

119
Q

What are the functions of the right hemisphere?

A

Perception

Left field vision

Left side motor skills

120
Q

Who conducted split-brain research?

A

Sperry

121
Q

What was the sample of split-brain research?

A

11 patients with a dissected corpus callosum

122
Q

What is the procedure of the split-brain research?

A

An image would flash for 10th of a second

Patients would be staring at the fixation point in the middle of the two images

Tree on the left, car on the right

123
Q

What were the results of the split-brain research?

A

Car - right visual field - left hemisphere - speak

Tree - left visual field - right hemisphere - draw with left hand

124
Q

Strength of split-brain procedure - replicable

A

Standardised procedure

125
Q

Limitations of split-brain procedure - sample

A

Small sample size

Lack of ecological validity

Confounding variable of epilepsy

Confounding variable of different levels of dissection

126
Q

Strength of lateralisation - Lashley rat study

A

Removed areas of rat’s cortex (between 10-50%) that were learning a maze

No area proven more important

Process of learning required every part of cortex

127
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Brain’s ability to change and adapt because of experience

Brain continues creating new neural pathways and altering existing ones in response to changing experiences

128
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Rarely-used connections deleted

Frequently-used connections strengthened

129
Q

What is functional recovery?

A

Transfer of functions from a damaged area of the brain after trauma to other undamaged areas

130
Q

What are the ways that the brain can recover function?

A

Opposite brain area can take over the function

Building new synaptic connections

Reconnecting blood vessels to the damaged area

131
Q

What is neuronal unmasking?

A

“dormant” synapses (haven’t received enough input to be active) open connections to compensate for a nearby damaged area of the brain

Allows new connections in the brain to be activated, recovering any damage occurring in specific regions

132
Q

Strength of plasticity and functional recovery - practical application

A

Neurorehabilitation

Create treatments to speed up this process

Recovery after a stroke etc

133
Q

Limitation of plasticity and functional recovery - phantom limb syndrome

A

Negative plasticity

For some patients who lose a limb, they experience phantom limb syndrome - able to feel their missing limb

Happens in 60-80% of cases

Occurs because brain is reforming and causes another body part to take over the brain area of missing limb causing sensations to occur

134
Q

Strength of plasticity and functional recovery - research support

A

McGuire taxi study

Studied brain of London taxi drivers who had to learn every road, land mark and route in London

Posterior hippocampus was larger than control group

135
Q

Strength of plasticity and functional recovery - scientific

A

It has a scientific method

Replicable

136
Q

Strength of plasticity and functional recovery - animal studies

A

Hubel and Wiesel

Sewed one of a kitten’s eyes shut then conducted brain scans on the cat

Found the visual cortex of the ‘shut eye’ remained processing as it was processing information from the other eye

137
Q

What are the four ways of studying the brain?

A

FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

EEG (electroencephalograms)

ERP (event-related potentials)

Post-mortem

138
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

How much detail the brain scan produces/whether it can investigate the whole brain

139
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

Whether the brain scan produces a live feed of the brain’s activity rather than a static image

140
Q

What is an FMRI?

A

Detects the blood and oxygen levels of the brain

Brighter the image, the more activity

141
Q

What does an FMRI produce?

A

3D image of the brain = activation map

142
Q

What are the advantages of FMRIs?

A

High spatial resolution

Risk free - no radiation

143
Q

What are the disadvantages of FMRIs?

A

Low temporal resolution

Expensive

144
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Measures GENERAL ELECTRICAL ACITVITY within the brain via electrodes that can be placed either on the scalp (skull cap) or on the brain

145
Q

What does an EEG produce?

A

Scan recording showing electrical activity from millions on neurons

146
Q

What are the advantages of EEGs?

A

High temporal resolution

Practical uses

147
Q

What are the disadvantages of EEGs?

A

Low spatial resolution

Information generalised

Source not pinpointed

148
Q

What is an ERP?

A

Measures ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE to a specific stimulus

Use same method of EEG then delete general brain activity

149
Q

What does an ERP produce?

A

Scan recording

150
Q

What are the advantages of ERPs?

A

High temporal resolution

Specificity

151
Q

What are the disadvantages of ERPs?

A

Low spatial resolution

Lack of standardisation

Background ‘noise’ - must be completely eliminated

152
Q

What is a post-mortem?

A

Analysis of brain after death

Check weight, look for any damage/structural abnormalities, check neurotransmitter levels, cut brain up to see every part

153
Q

What does a post-mortem produce?

A

Detailed written report on several aspects of the brain

154
Q

What are the advantages of post-mortems?

A

High spatial resolution

Localisation

Medical research

155
Q

What are the disadvantages of post-mortems?

A

Low temporal resolution

Knowing causations

156
Q

What are biological rhythms?

A

Cyclical within biological systems that have evolved in response to environmental influences

157
Q

What are exogenous zeitgebers?

A

External factors which influence biological rhythms

158
Q

What are examples of exogenous zeitgebers in relation to the sleep/wake cycle?

A

Light

Social cues (eating, exercise)

159
Q

How does light affect the sleep/wake cycle?

A

Helps the brain know whether it’s day or night

Effects it by activating the release of certain process

160
Q

What is the process through which exogenous zeitgebers influence biological rhythms?

A

Entrainment

161
Q

What is entrainment?

A

The process of the exogenous zeitgebers affecting biological rhythms (sleep/wake cycle)

External factors can change the sleep/wake cycle pattern

162
Q

Strength of exogenous zeitgebers - practical application

A

Lights on phones

Can turn on night light to stop light and make body get ready to sleep

163
Q

Strength of exogenous zeitgebers - research support

A

Campbell and Murphey

15 participants slept with a light pad under their knee

By flashing a light behind their knee, managed to change their sleep/wake cycle by up to 3 hours

164
Q

Limitation of exogenous zeitgebers - individual differences

A

In some Artic regions of world, exposed to light 24/7 as sun doesn’t set

Sleep/wake cycle should be affected by constant light but have normal sleep/wake cycle

165
Q

What are endogenous pacemakers?

A

Internal factors that influence biological rhythms

166
Q

What is the main endogenous pacemakers that affects the sleep/wake cycle?

A

SCN

167
Q

What is the SCN?

A

Part of the brain which receives light information

Information passed to the pineal gland to produce melatonin to make us feel sleepy

168
Q

Strength of endogenous pacemakers - research support

A

DeCoursey

Removed SCN of 20 chipmunks and released them into the wild

Sleep/wake cycle disappeared

Many killed by predators

169
Q

Limitation of endogenous pacemakers - use of animal studies

A

Extrapolation

Cannot generalise animal findings to humans

Humans are more complex

170
Q

Strength of endogenous pacemakers - Ralph et al

A

Trained hamsters to have 20 hour cycle

Removed the 20 hr cycle SCN and placed them into a 24 hr hamster’s brain

Developed cycles of 20 hrs

171
Q

What are the three biological rhythms?

A

Circadian

Infradian

Ultradian

172
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Any biological rhythm that lasts roughly 24 hours

173
Q

What are the two main examples of circadian rhythms?

A

Sleep/wake cycle

Body temperature

174
Q

What is the sleep/wake cycle?

A

Dictates when humans and animals should be asleep or awake

Recommended sleep for 17 year old = 8-10 hours
Recommended awake time for 17 year old = 14-16 hours

175
Q

What is the body temperature circadian rhythm?

A

Human body temperature is at its lowest in early hours of the morning and at its highest in early evening

Sleep typically occurs when core temperature starts to drop

Body temperature starts to rise towards end of sleep cycle, promoting feelings of alertness first thing in the morning

176
Q

Strength of circadian rhythms - research support

A

Siffre

Spent long periods in dark caves to examine effects of free-running biological rhythms (2 and 6 months)

Absence of external cues significantly altered circadian rhythms

When returned from underground stay with no clock or light, believed date to be a month earlier than it was

24 hr sleep/wake cycle increased by lack of cues, making him believe it was longer than it was so fewer days had passed

177
Q

Limitation of circadian rhythms - individual differences

A

Duffy et al

“Morning people” prefer to rise and go to bed early (6am-10pm)

“Evening people” wake and go to bed later (10am-1am)

Innate individual differences

178
Q

Strength of circadian rhythms - practical application

A

Times when taking medication is more effective than others

Heart attacks more likely to happen on a Monday morning so medication needs to be most effective during this time

179
Q

What are infradian rhythms?

A

Any biological rhythm that is longer than 24 hours

180
Q

What is an example of a weekly infradian rhythm?

A

Blood pressure

181
Q

What is an example of a monthly infradian rhythm?

A

Menstrual cycle

182
Q

What is an example of a yearly infradian rhythm?

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

183
Q

How long is a normal menstrual cycle on average?

A

28 days

184
Q

What are the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

SFH

LH

185
Q

When does a menstrual cycle start?

A

First day of bleeding

186
Q

How many stages are there in the menstrual cycle?

A

4 stages

187
Q

What happens in the menstrual cycle?

A

Regulated by hormones that either promote ovulation or stimulate uterus for fertilisation

Ovulation occurs roughly half-way through the cycle when oestrogen levels are at their highest and usually lasts for 16-32 hrs

After ovulatory phase, progesterone levels increase in preparation for possible implantation of embryo in uterus

188
Q

What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?

A

Type of depression that comes and goes in a seasonal pattern

Symptoms usually more apparent and severe during winter

Few people with SAD may have symptoms during summer and feel better in winter

189
Q

Strength of infradian rhythms - practical application

A

Now have clear understanding of “typical” menstrual cycle and can diagnose any problem

Created treatments to help

IVF for couples with fertility issues

190
Q

Limitation of infradian rhythms - confounding variables

A

Criticised early synchronisation studies

Confounding variables of stress, diet and exercise

Most research based on self-report (demand characteristics and social desirability bias)

191
Q

Strength of infradian rhythms - research support

A

“Sweaty Betty study”

Stern and McClintock

Investigated menstrual synchrony

Got swabs of sweat from women with a regular cycle and wiped the sweat onto the upper lip of women who had an irregular cycle

Menstrual cycles synched

192
Q

Limitation of infradian rhythms - evolutionary disadvantage

A

Schank

If females were all fertile at the same time, they would fight for the “best male”

Women who then have to settle for “less quality” males which would put their children at a disadvantage

Better if women didn’t synch

193
Q

Strength of infradian rhythms - scientific

A

Scientific method

194
Q

What are ultradian rhythms?

A

Any biological rhythm that’s shorter than 24 hours

195
Q

What is the main example of an ultradian rhythm?

A

Sleep cycle

196
Q

How long is the sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

197
Q

How many stages are there in the sleep cycle?

A

5

198
Q

What happens in terms of brain waves in the different stages of the sleep cycle?

A

Stage 1 and 2 = brainwaves are slower going from alpha waves to even slower theta waves

Stage 3 and 4 = start to have delta waves which are slower, this is slow wave sleep

Stage 5 (REM) = high correlation with dreaming

199
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the sleep cycle?

A

Light sleep

Muscle activity slows down

Occasional muscle twitching

200
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

A

Breathing pattern and heart rate slows

Slight decrease in body temperature

201
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the sleep cycle?

A

Deep sleep begins

Brain begins to generate slow delta waves

202
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the sleep cycle?

A

Very deep sleep

Rhythmic breathing

Limited muscle activity

Brain produces delta waves

203
Q

What happens in the stage 5 of the sleep cycle?

A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

Brainwaves speed up and dreaming occurs

Muscles relax

Heart rate increases

Breathing is rapid and shallow

204
Q

Strength of ultradian rhythms - practical application

A

Diagnose sleep disorders

Insomnia = people find it difficult to fall asleep or staying asleep

Spell apnoea = breathing becomes partially or completely obstructed during sleep

Sleep bruxism = grinding of teeth involuntarily during sleep

205
Q

Limitation of ultradian rhythms - individual differences

A

Tucker et al

Studied participants over 11 days in a lab study

Found large individual differences in sleep duration, time to fall asleep and amount of time in each sleep stage

Night owl/early bird

206
Q

Strength of ultradian rhythms - research support

A

Dement and Kleitman

Monitored sleep patterns of 9 adults in sleep lab with caffeine and alcohol controlled for

Found correlations between REM activity and experience of dreaming

Some participants woken during REM sleep could vividly report their dreams

207
Q
A

Psychology (11 decks)

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