Gen Bio Flashcards
the study of evolutionary
relationships. The evolutionary history and
the relationships of an organism or group of
organisms.
Phylogeny
arrange organisms based on common
ancestry and shared characteristics.
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms
Factors for Phylogeny
- Fossil Records
- Anatomy and Embryology
- Biogeography
- Molecular Biology (DNA)
group that includes a common
ancestor and ALL descendant species.
Clade
group that lacks characteristics
of another clade.
Outgroup
trait that rose in a recent
ancestor and was passed to all
descendants.
Derived Trait:
- a group of organisms which forms a clade, meaning
that it consists of an ancestor and all its
descendants.
MONOPHYLETIC
defined as one that does not include the common
ancestor of all members of the taxon.
POLYPHYLETIC
Consists of an ancestral species, but not
all, of the descendants.
PARAPHYLETIC
oldest and common ancestor
ROOT
illustrates divergence from a
common ancestor
NODE
groups that are more closely
related to each other than either is to
another group.
SISTER TAXA
is the study of the
diversification of life forms over time, both
past and present, and their relationships
between other species.
Systematics
the science of organizing and
categorizing living organisms into classes
called taxa.
Taxonomy
investigates on evolutionary
histories and considers environmental
adaptation of species
Systematics
Similarities of Taxonomy and Systematics
✓ provide scientific names
✓ give detailed descriptions of
organisms
✓ collects and keeps volumes of
specimens
✓ offer classifications for the organisms
by constructing identification keys
and data on their occurrence and
distribution.
also referred to as the Linnaean system
after the Swedish botanist Carolus
Linnaeus,
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
is the formal naming system for living things that all scientists use.
Binomial Nomenclature
Rules to follow while naming organisms
through binomial nomenclature:
- Names are written in italicized form.
- First letter of genus should be capital.
- First letter of species should be in
lowercase. - If scientific texts are handwritten,
they should be underlined.
Define as the biological process by which
“offspring” are produced from their
“parent” or “parents”
Reproduction
does not involve gametes, instead parts of a mature
organism may develop to new individuals,
Asexual Reproduction
separation of the body into a new bodies, common in single-
celled organisms (bacteria)
Binary Fission
a new organism develops from as an outgrowth from the parent body known as bud.
Budding
the parent body breaks
into several pieces where a piece grows
into a new individual.
Fragmentation
a plant part such as stems, leaves, roots are used to
reproduce new plants.
Vegetative Reproduction
involves the use of
sex cells or gametes and fusion of male
and female gametes to form a zygote.
Sexual Reproduction
STAGES IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
- Gametogenesis
- Fertilization
- Implantation
- Gastrulation
- Embryonic Stage
- Fetal stage
surrounds each stoma, and these cells control the opening
and closing of the stomatal pore between
them.
guard cells
The exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the leaf (as well as the loss of
water vapor in transpiration) occurs
through pores
Stomata
a single protoplasmic fiber
that extends from the cell body.
Axon
helps control eye
movement, processes visual and auditory
information, regulates motor movements,
and is involved in arousal and wakefulness.
Midbrain
