Gen Bio

Question 1

the study of evolutionary
relationships. The evolutionary history and
the relationships of an organism or group of
organisms.

Answer 1

Phylogeny

Question 2

arrange organisms based on common
ancestry and shared characteristics.

Answer 2

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms

Question 3

Factors for Phylogeny

Answer 3

• Fossil Records
• Anatomy and Embryology
• Biogeography
• Molecular Biology (DNA)

Question 4

group that includes a common
ancestor and ALL descendant species.

Answer 4

Clade

Question 5

group that lacks characteristics
of another clade.

Answer 5

Outgroup

Question 6

trait that rose in a recent
ancestor and was passed to all
descendants.

Answer 6

Derived Trait:

Question 7

• a group of organisms which forms a clade, meaning
  that it consists of an ancestor and all its
  descendants.

Answer 7

MONOPHYLETIC

Question 8

defined as one that does not include the common
ancestor of all members of the taxon.

Answer 8

POLYPHYLETIC

Question 9

Consists of an ancestral species, but not
all, of the descendants.

Answer 9

PARAPHYLETIC

Question 10

oldest and common ancestor

Answer 10

ROOT

Question 11

illustrates divergence from a
common ancestor

Answer 11

NODE

Question 12

groups that are more closely
related to each other than either is to
another group.

Answer 12

SISTER TAXA

Question 13

is the study of the
diversification of life forms over time, both
past and present, and their relationships
between other species.

Answer 13

Systematics

Question 14

the science of organizing and
categorizing living organisms into classes
called taxa.

Answer 14

Taxonomy

Question 15

investigates on evolutionary
histories and considers environmental
adaptation of species

Answer 15

Systematics

Question 16

Similarities of Taxonomy and Systematics

Answer 16

✓ provide scientific names
✓ give detailed descriptions of
organisms
✓ collects and keeps volumes of
specimens
✓ offer classifications for the organisms
by constructing identification keys
and data on their occurrence and
distribution.

Question 17

also referred to as the Linnaean system
after the Swedish botanist Carolus
Linnaeus,

Answer 17

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Question 18

is the formal naming system for living things that all scientists use.

Answer 18

Binomial Nomenclature

Question 19

Rules to follow while naming organisms
through binomial nomenclature:

Answer 19

1. Names are written in italicized form.
2. First letter of genus should be capital.
3. First letter of species should be in
   lowercase.
4. If scientific texts are handwritten,
   they should be underlined.

Question 20

Define as the biological process by which
“offspring” are produced from their
“parent” or “parents”

Answer 20

Reproduction

Question 21

does not involve gametes, instead parts of a mature
organism may develop to new individuals,

Answer 21

Asexual Reproduction

Question 22

separation of the body into a new bodies, common in single-
celled organisms (bacteria)

Answer 22

Binary Fission

Question 23

a new organism develops from as an outgrowth from the parent body known as bud.

Answer 23

Budding

Question 24

the parent body breaks
into several pieces where a piece grows
into a new individual.

Answer 24

Fragmentation

Question 25

a plant part such as stems, leaves, roots are used to
reproduce new plants.

Answer 25

Vegetative Reproduction

Question 26

involves the use of
sex cells or gametes and fusion of male
and female gametes to form a zygote.

Answer 26

Sexual Reproduction

Question 27

STAGES IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

Answer 27

1. Gametogenesis
2. Fertilization
3. Implantation
4. Gastrulation
5. Embryonic Stage
6. Fetal stage

Question 28

surrounds each stoma, and these cells control the opening
and closing of the stomatal pore between
them.

Answer 28

guard cells

Question 29

The exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the leaf (as well as the loss of
water vapor in transpiration) occurs
through pores

Answer 29

Stomata

Question 30

a single protoplasmic fiber
that extends from the cell body.

Answer 30

Axon

Question 31

helps control eye
movement, processes visual and auditory
information, regulates motor movements,
and is involved in arousal and wakefulness.

Answer 31

Midbrain