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AQA GCSE Biology > GCSE Nervous System > Flashcards

GCSE Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

Define negative feedback

A

When a change from normal conditions is detected and prompts a response to return to normal

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3
Q

Give three procedures that homeostasis maintains

A

Temperature, blood glucose levels, water balance

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4
Q

What are the two communication systems in the body?

A

Hormonal and nervous systems

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5
Q

How does the nervous system send signals?

A

Via electrical impulses in neurones

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6
Q

Define stimulus

A

A signal to which an organism responds

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7
Q

Give the stimulus for smells

A

Chemicals

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8
Q

Describe the coordination pathway

A

Stimulus —> receptor (PNS) —> coordinator (CNS) —> effector

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9
Q

Give examples of stimuli

A

Pressure, temperature, sounds light, chemicals

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10
Q

Give examples of receptors

A

Skin, eyes, ears, nose, tongue

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11
Q

Give examples of coordinators

A

Brain, spinal cord

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12
Q

Give examples of effectors

A

Muscles and glands

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13
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of neurones in the PNS

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14
Q

Where are electrical impulses generated?

A

Receptors

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15
Q

What are the three types of neurones?

A

Sensory, relay and motor

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16
Q

Where are the sensory neurones found?

A

From receptors to CNS

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17
Q

Where are relay neurones found?

A

CNS

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18
Q

Where are motor neurones found?

A

CNS to effectors

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19
Q

What does the reflex arc do?

A

Rapid, automatic responses to stimuli to protect the body

20
Q

What part of the CNS do reflexes go through

A

Spinal cord (usually closer than brain)

21
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between neurones

22
Q

How do synapses work?

A

The nerve signal is transferred by neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap and set off a new electrical impulse in the next neurone

23
Q

Describe how electrical impulses are transmitted across synapses

A

When the electrical impulses reaches the end of a neurone, vesicles move to join the cell membrane to release neurotransmitters into the synapse, which diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neurone to begin a new impulse

24
Q

Give an identifying feature of a sensory neurone

A

Cell body sticking out of axon

25
Q

Give an identifying feature of a relay neurone

A

Short

26
Q

Give an identifying feature of a motor neurone

A

Cell body attached to dendrites + effector on one end

27
Q

What is the eye?

A

A sensory organ that detects light and converts light energy into electrical impulses

28
Q

What are the rods responsible for?

A

Black and white vision in low light

29
Q

What are the cones responsible for?

A

Coloured vision in high light

30
Q

What do radial and circular muscles do?

A

radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax

31
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

32
Q

How does accommodation work for distant images?

A

Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments contract, lens is long and thin (less refraction needed)

33
Q

How does accommodation work for close images?

A

Ciliary muscles contract (bulge), suspensory ligaments relax, lens is short and fat (more refraction needed)

34
Q

Why does the lens become fatter to see close objects?

A

The divergent rays are shining on the ends of the lens, so it makes it bulgy to focus the rays into the retina

35
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short sightedness - unable to see distant objects - eye is too long / lens is too convex - image forms in front of retina

36
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Long sightedness - unable

37
Q

What are the treatments for myopia and hyperopia?

A

Concave lens for myopia, convex lens for hyperopia

38
Q

What part of the brain controls homeostasis?

A

The hypothalamus

39
Q

What is the thermoregulatory system made up of?

A

Receptors that monitor blood temperature

40
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A response to a change in the body that reverses the change

41
Q

What effectors does the thermoregulatory system use?

A

Sweat glands. blood vessels in skin and skeletal muscles

42
Q

What is the body’s negative feedback loop to being too cold?

A

stimulus: too cold / receptor: thermoreceptors in the skin / coordinator: hypothalamus / effector + response: vasoconstriction, shivering, sweat production stops, piloerection / core body temperature rises.

43
Q

Why does the body use vasoconstriction/dialation?

A

Vasodialation allows heat to be lost by radiation. Vasoconstriction stops heat from being radiated

44
Q

Why does the body shiver?

A

Rapid skeletal muscle contraction causes high rates of respiration, which is an exothermic reaction

45
Q

Why does the body use piloerection when cold?

A

To trap warm air between hairs

AQA GCSE Biology (13 decks)

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