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Anatomy & Physioligy > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are our acessory digestive organs

A

> Liver
Pancreas

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2
Q

How long is the GI tract ?
Possible exam question

A

> 5-7 metres

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3
Q

REVISION CARD:
Any food is outside the body because it’s the eosophagus is open to the external environment meaning it’s NOT sterile !
Bugs can enter EASILY🫤

A
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4
Q

Accessory organs inside the alimentary canal?
Hint: it’s 2 of these

Salivary glands
Teeth
Tongue
Liver
Pancreas
Gall bladder

A

Teeth and tongue

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5
Q

Where does propulsion occur

A

Oesphagus

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6
Q

What are the steps to mechanical ingestion.

A

Chewing (mouth)
Churning (stomach)
Segmentation (stomach)

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7
Q

Since Propulsion means foods being pushed what other 2 things do humans do to push food down?

A

Swallowing
Peristalsis

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8
Q

What is segmentation

A

Constriction of muscles in rhythmic motion. Breaking food down into smaller particles. Mixes food with digestive juices

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9
Q

What process out of the 5 does enzymes secrete into the lumen of the canal

A

Chemical digestion

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10
Q

Which accessory organs severete digestive Tract lumen?

A

Pancreas
Gall bladder
Salivary glands

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11
Q

4 main layers of the GI tract

A

> Inner:
Mucosa
submucosa
Muscle
Adventitia
Outter

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12
Q

How many layers of mucosa

A

3

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13
Q

What 3 layers is the muscusa made of

A

> Inner:
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
Outter

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14
Q

What does the mucosa secrete?

A

Hormones
Digestive enzymes
Mucus
Absorbs nutrients
Protects by kills pathogens & protects ingestion of its self

( Has a secretery function & absorption function )

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15
Q

Epithelium is where ?

A

Inner part of the lumen

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16
Q

The mouth, oesophagus, oropharynx & anal canal is surrounded by what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Short fat cells.

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18
Q

Where’ would you find stratified squamous epithelium ?

A

Mouth
Eosophagus
Oropharym
Anal canal

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19
Q

Where would you find culmner epithelium

A

Everywhere else

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20
Q

Where does this occur ? Enzyme secreting and hormone secreting ?

A

Stomach and small Intestines

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21
Q

The process of scretion of hormones & enzymes help the small intestine to produce what?

A

Serotonin

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22
Q

Is serotonin a happy or bad chemical..?

A

Happy as it makes us feel happy whilst eating !!!

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23
Q

Why is the digestive system a endocrine organ

A

Because it secretes hormones and Enzymes required for digestion !!

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24
Q

Lamina propria (is in the mucosa) has a lot of …….. what that allows the absorption & delivery of nutrients?

A

Capillaries

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25
Q

What else does the lamina propria contain

A

Lymphatic tissue

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26
Q

How thick is a wall of a capillary ?

A

Single cell layer thick

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27
Q

What does the lymphatic capillaries absorb ?

A

Muck & nasties

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28
Q

What organs are involed in lymphatic system

A

Lymph glands

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29
Q

Why do your lymph node/ glands swell up or become visibly big ?

A

In that area it works hard to flush away the nasty infection. Because they’re facilitating protecting you from infection !!
(Draining)

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30
Q

What system does the lymphatic vessels run in conjunction with

A

Cardiovascular system !!

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31
Q

So…why does the mucosa have lymphatic tissue in it?

A

Drains all nasty stuff away

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32
Q

Lymphatic Tissue is also called this. What does MALT Stand for ?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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33
Q

Why is MALT special

A

It’s because when you are introduced with a new pathogen it remembers what pathogen it is for the next encounter!!

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34
Q

What else does MALT have that’s important ?

A

Resevoirs for immune system

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35
Q

How many layers of muscles doe the GI tract have

A

2

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36
Q

How many layers of muscles does the stomach have ?

A

3

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37
Q

What are the muscles of the GI tract ?

A

Longitudinal muscle & circular

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38
Q

What muscle layer is on the outside

A

Longitudinal

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39
Q

What layer of muscle is on the inside ?

A

Circular muscle

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40
Q

Why do we have circular muscle ?

A

To push food down and break food down
Peristalsis and segmentation

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41
Q

Submucosa is made up of ———— and what other tissue is it?

A

1) Loose areolar connective tissue
((Connective (strong) tissue connects, binds etc)

2) areolar connective tissue bz it’s a loose tissue as it’s strong enough to bind tissues together and loose to provide flexibility and cushioning.

(

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42
Q

What does the submuscosa have I.e lymphoid tissue

A

Glands, blood vessels & lymph tissue …

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43
Q

What does the submicosa bind together what layers ?

A

Muscle layer & the mucosa

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44
Q

Revision card: submucosa has a lot of elastic in it due constant bulk

A
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45
Q

How many layers of muscles for the stomach

A

3

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46
Q

What’ are the muscle layers of the stomach ?

A

Outter to inner
Longitudinal muscle > circular > oblique

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47
Q

What supplies the Submucosa I.e type of plexus

A

> Submucosal plexus (plexus of meissner)

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48
Q

Function of this plexus that is on the submucosa ?

A

Responsible for regulating doegestive secretions and reacting to presence of food.

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49
Q

Revision NOTE:
We have the CNS and PNS (somatic and autonomic nervous system) the autonomic system regulates those things that are done automatically. Somatic vise versa (it’s continue control).

Sympathetic innervation: exited, hyped up, high adrenaline
Parasympathetic: viseversa

A
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50
Q

What layer covers all the body’s cavities ?

A

Serosa

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51
Q

What does the series create ?

A

Serous fluid

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52
Q

What’s the function of serous fluid?

A

Alubrication and allows movement !! Avoiding friction

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53
Q

Dilation of pupils is what system?
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Sympathetic

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54
Q

Accelaration of heart

Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Sympathetic

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55
Q

Stimulates tears

Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Parasympathetic

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56
Q

Strong stimulation of salivary flow ?

Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Parasympathetic

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57
Q

Atrioles constrict

Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Sympath

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58
Q

Constriction of bronchi

Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Parasympathetic

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59
Q

Stimulation of digestion

Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Parasym system

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60
Q

Ejaculation

Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Sympathetic

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61
Q

Contraction of bladder ?

Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Parasympathetic

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62
Q

Stimulation of stomach muscles (
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Parasympathetic

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63
Q

Stimulates pancreas ?
Parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Parasympathetic

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64
Q

Relaxation of bladder

Parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

Sympathetic

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65
Q

Revision card: sympathetic system dialates bronchi ? Why? ….

A

To get more oxygen in

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66
Q

Revision card: relaxes bladder do that it can fill up more too 😜

A
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67
Q

Revision card: in the parasympathetic division the bronchioles constrict as we don’t need all that oxygen coming in !!

A
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68
Q

What’ are the 3 types of glands we have in the mouth ?

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

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69
Q

What’s mastication

A

Chewing

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70
Q

What does the toingue do?

A

Turns food into bolus to swallow!!

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71
Q

How many parotid glands do we have ?

A

2

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72
Q

Biggest glands in the mouth

A

Paratid

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73
Q

What does the paratid gland break down?

A

Carbohydrates

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74
Q

Paediatric
if the frenulum is torn what does this indicate?

A

Child abuse
Sexual abuse
Or force fed

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75
Q

What is gingivitis?

A

Gum disease

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76
Q

Superior vestibule in the mouth. Where is it?

A

Upper inner lip

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77
Q

Role of the uvula ?

A

Triggers the gag reflex & stops you swallowing anything too large ..

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78
Q

1) Oral phase
(controlled by the what system… SNS or ANS)
2) Oral pupulsive stage
(controlled by the what system… SNS or ANS)
3) Pharyngeal phase (involuntary phase)

4) oesophageal phase

A

1) voluntary (masticated & probed by tongue)

2) pushes bolus up and into the hard palate

3) it’s involuntary swallow. Vocal cords close. Larynx moves up and epiglottis covers it. (stroke patients - choke)
Pharyngeal phase of its impaired they can choke or nasal regurgitation(up the nose).

Aspiration pneumonia

4) oesophageal phase: good moves down into the oesophagus and peristalsis occurs!

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79
Q

What happend a in the impairement of the oesophageal stage is effected

A

Heart burn
Vomiting
Abdo pain

80
Q

At what level does the oseohagus enter the diaphragm ?

A

10th thoracic vertabrae

81
Q

How long is the oesophagus in a adult ?

A

25 cm

82
Q

Diameter of oesophagus ?

A

2cm

83
Q

What two sphincters do we have?
Revision: Ring of muscle

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter
Lower oesophageal sphincter

84
Q

Incompitenence of lower oesophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) causes what?

A

Acid reflux

85
Q

What is barrates eosophagus ?

A

Is a irreversible damage & is pre-cancerous

86
Q

Why does the pyloric sphincter close tight when stomachs full

A

Hydrochloride acid won’t have the time to break down the food

87
Q

Greater curvature is right or left

A

Left

88
Q

What is the omenta & what does it play a good role in?

A

1) Fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to another viscera
2) immune responses

89
Q

Function of the omenta?

A

Immune regulation
Tissue regeneration

90
Q

Name of the Ridges that are inside of stomach

A

Rugae

91
Q

Why does the stomach have 3 layers of stomach ?

A

To churn food

92
Q

what’s the inner oblique muscle layer made of?

A

Oblique fibres

93
Q

What is the stomach lined with?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

94
Q

Chief cells produce

A

Pepsinogen

95
Q

What is pepsinogen converted into ?

A

Pepsin.

This is by the effects of HCL acid in the stomach

96
Q

What cells scerete HCL?

A

Parietal cells

97
Q

Function of mucus cells

A

Protects the lining of stomach from acids & makes sure stomach done digest itself

98
Q

Gastric pits communicate with what cells?

A

Parietal cells and chief cells

99
Q

What detects 🍔 entering the stomach?

A

Gastric pits

100
Q

Name two gastric glands !

A

Parietal cells
Chief cells

101
Q

G cells do what?

A

Monitor and make sure cells communicate with each other

102
Q

Absorbtion begin where !

A

Duodenum

103
Q

Revision:
Some lipid soluble drugs and alcohol don’t go straight to the liver but straight to the blood stream

(Why you can become drunk)

A
104
Q

Intrinsic factor is essential why?

A

For us to absorb vitamin B12

105
Q

Pernicious anemia is caused by?

A

Lack or unable to absorb vit B12

106
Q

G cells secrete ?

A

Gastric

107
Q

Gastrin (hormone) function?

A

Stimulates the glands to secret more juices

108
Q

In order from stomach name sections of the small intestines!!

A

Duodenum > jejunum > illium

109
Q

How long is the duodenum ?

A

25cm

110
Q

What lines the small intestines

A

Villi

111
Q

What do villi do to the chyme?

A

Absorbing nutrients

112
Q

How thick is the wall of microvilli?

A

1 cell thick

113
Q

What is covered by Simple columnar epithelial cells

A

Villi

114
Q

What do lymphatic vessels absorb? In the same intestines??

A

Dietary fats

115
Q

What is secreted by the intestinal glands ? They secrete a hormone ?
Hint: That makes u happy

A

Serotonin

116
Q

Illium ends where?

A

Illieo secal valve

117
Q

What joins to make the sphincter of hepatopancretic ampulla’? Where does it open into ?

A

Common bile duct
Pancreatic duct

& opens onto the duodenum

118
Q

What’s a sphincter

A

Round or ring of muscle

119
Q

Liver weighs?

A

1.5kg

120
Q

What has Large left & right lobes, smaller caudate and quadrate lobes ?

A

Liver

121
Q

Falciform ligament marks what?

A

The division on the liver

122
Q

What is the name of the free border of the falciform ligament ?
Hint: the name is a shape

A

Round ligament

123
Q

The hepatic portal vein supplies what % of the blood to the liver?

A

75

124
Q

How much blood is supplied by the hepatic arteries ?

A

25%

125
Q

What are the two blood supplies ?what vessels?

A

Hepatic artery & hepatic portal vein

126
Q

Individual liver cells are called ?

A

Hepatocyte

127
Q

LIVER STRUCTURE
Revision: even tho the hepatic portal vein and artery are supplying different perscentages they are infact only SUPPLYING 50% of the livers oxygen demand. Even tho the hepatic portal vein is giving the liver 75% of the livers blood supply

A
128
Q

revision
Hepatocytes: arranged in lobules
Sinosoids: highly permeable capillaries

A
129
Q

What does the branch portal vein bring into the liver ?
& from where does it bring all the nutrient rich blood from?

A

Yummy nutrients from the small intestines all all areas of the alimentary canal

130
Q

Hepatic artery (what does that bring to the liver)?

A

Oxygenated blood

131
Q

Mixed blood that comes into the liver is mixed up where?

A

Sinosoids

132
Q

What do sinosoids do/allow to happen ?

A

Rapid transfer of the nutrients backwards and forwards into the cells

133
Q

What do sinosoids do to glucagon?

A

Store it in the hepatocytes
(Because one function of the liver is storing nutrients)

134
Q

Revision: in a fight or flight situation so when there is no meal that’s eaten, the brain will tell the hepatocytes to release nutrients into the blood !! So it can then go to the heart and go around the body !!

A
135
Q

Hepatocytes store glycogen, for later use if the body is in high demand then it releases it out of the liver through the blood to the heart then it travels around the body !!

A
136
Q

Fun FACT: Nutrients are absorbed from the intestines through the villi to the liver

A
137
Q

Layered of the liver are called?

A

Lobules

138
Q

What are the lobules made up of?

A

Hepatocytes

139
Q

2 functions of the hepatocytes

A

> Absorb good nutrients from the blood
release nutrients to the bloodstream ONLY when the body needs them

140
Q

Fun FACT: Sinosoids are one way flow towards the hepatic veins & central vein

A
141
Q

Fun FACT! Endothelial cells line the sinosoids

A
142
Q

Kupffer CELLS&raquo_space;>

A
143
Q

Revision: Kupffer cells are phagocitic meaning they engulf and destroy pathogens.

They are good and bad guys

A
144
Q

Where are kupffer cells are Located in the liver

A

In the linen of the sinusoid near the portal areas!!

145
Q

What else do they remove

A

Red blood cells (break them down) that releases Heam from heamglobin !!
(Simply breaks down RBC)

146
Q

Revision:
kuppffer cells protects the body and secretes cytokines & kemokine - regulate and determine what the immune responses will be like

(Formulate an immune response )

A
147
Q

Kupffer (bad guys)&raquo_space;>

A
148
Q

What happens when it repairs the liver

A

It scars the liver & isn’t stretchy

149
Q

What kind of AGENTS cause kupffer cells to initiate the production of __?__ a connective tissue of the liver that leads to scarring
HINT: substance that is not stretchy & is found in skin.

A

Production of collagen

150
Q

What happens when there’s too much scarring tissue in the sinosoid?

A

Sinosoid gets blocked

151
Q

What confirm does scarring lead to?

A

Cirhosis

152
Q

Fun fact: Hepatitis - causes liver cirhosis & non alcoholics can also get this too!!

A
153
Q

When is bilirubin produced ? Break down of what?

A

Heme

154
Q

What state is bilirubin? Conjugated or unconjicated

A

Unconjugated

155
Q

How does bilirubin be some conjugated

A

It binds with albumin to be then carried into the liver!

156
Q

Where is conjugated bilirubinexcreted through?

A

Urine & stools

157
Q

Hepatocytes also onstantly produces what? - stored in the ———— ———————

A

Bile
Gallbladder

158
Q

What is the bile canaliculous?

A

Bile travels through the bile canaliculous up the lobule and travels to the bile duct

159
Q

Where does the bile duct go into

A

Gall bladder

160
Q

Which duct enters directly into the gall bladder

A

Cystic duct

161
Q

What is known as the sphincter of Oddi?
It’s either the following
Hepatopancreatic ampulla’ or
Hepatopancreatic sphincter/duct

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter/duct

162
Q

Broken down RBC is called what? What’s the substance called

A

Bilirubin

163
Q

Revision : when bilirubin is released into the sinosoid it is unconjugated

A
164
Q

Revision: enzymess in the liver allows that change from unconjugated to conjugated to occur

A
165
Q

What gives bile it’s yellow color?

A

Bilirubin

166
Q

Revision: 1% of conjugated bilirubin excreted by urine

A
167
Q

High levels of bilirubin causes what? & what color is it?

A

Yellow
Jaundice

168
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin cause skin yellow and very salty and when it tries to eliminate via skin ! The salt is sat in the sweat gland what does this cause???

A

Intense itching even if the patient isn’t yellow !!!

169
Q

What hormone does the liver store ?

A

Glycogen (that tells the liver to release the sugars when needed)

170
Q

Revision; liver also stores fatty lipids

A
171
Q

What did the liver inactivate ? Starts with T

A

Toxins

172
Q

What fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver?

A

A, D, K, E

173
Q

Paramedic fun stuff: if a patient is bleeding a lot you can start thinking does the patient have a good functioning liver as it is a iron reserve !!!

A
174
Q

Revision:
Bile is synthesized & secreted into lime of duodenum

A
175
Q

Why is vitamin A important ?

A

Healthy organs & is main component of the retina (bit A important for 👁️ sight)

176
Q

Why is vitamin D important ?

A

Absorbtion of calcium

177
Q

Why is vitamin K important

A

Supporting in clotting of BLOOD 🩸

> Fun fact: patients who have Overdosed on their anti-coagulants bccs it promotes the blood 🩸 clotting AGAIN!!

> Pre-term babies are given Vit K as they are prone to micro-Haemorhages in the brain 🧠 !!!

178
Q

Why is vitamin E important ?

A

> > Because it’s involved in making up nerve cells so not enough of this cause nerve damage !! «

179
Q

Revision: liver highly vascular as you can bleed out easily in major trauma

> > FUN FACT: If a patient has a lot of bruising under the skin and hasn’t been injured this could be related to liver

A
180
Q

Revision:

> Liver Synthesizes (inactive hormone) angitensonigen

Angiotensinogen is invoked in maintenance of BP

Absorbs & breaks down circulating hormones & antibodies that are NOT NEEDED!!

A
181
Q

What is Accronym that tells you the function of the liver ??

A

PUSHDoG

182
Q

what does the (P)ushdog stand for ?

A

Protein synthesis

183
Q

What does the p(U)shdog stand for ?

A

Urea production

184
Q

What does the pu(S)hdog stand for

A

STORAGE !!!

185
Q

What does the pus(H)dog stand for ?

A

Hormone synthesis

186
Q

What does the push(D)og stand fior???

A

DETOXIFICATION

187
Q

What does the pushdo(G) stand for

A

Glucose & fat metabolism

188
Q

When the large intestine starts to form blushes what disease is this

A

Diverticuler disease

189
Q

Pooo entering these holes can cause inflammation and redness causing infection called what!

A

Diverticulitis’

190
Q

How does peritonitis occur ?

A

When the air pocket of poo pops

191
Q

What is the largest most complex serous membrane in the body?

A

Peritoneum

192
Q

How long is the appendix ?

A

9cm long

193
Q

Revision: the appendix shrinks as you age
It’s a lymphatic organ !!

A
194
Q

RECTUM:
Internal sphincter
» SMOOTH MUSCLE
» ANS
External sphincter (VERY VASCULAR)
» SKELETAL MUSCLE
» SNS

A
195
Q

Revision:
SRectal dose of diazepam / midazolam can be administered safely someone having a seizure

A

Anatomy & Physioligy (15 decks)

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