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Anatomy & Physioligy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Do all blood cells have a tunica media

A

Yes

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2
Q

What essential structural component is the tunica media of vessels made of?

A

Endothelial cells

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3
Q

What is the cellular messenger (ion) that results in the contraction of smooth muscles in vessels?

A

Calcium

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4
Q

What layer of the heart would immediately be most susceptible to infections caused by bacteria circulating in the blood?
- Epicardium ?
- Myocardium ?
- Pericardium ?
- Endocardium ?

A

Endocardium

Why? It’s the closest

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5
Q

What vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart?

A

Pulmonary artery

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6
Q

So how does the circulatory system promote heat retention/conservation on a cold day?

1) Vasodialation
2) Vasoconstriction
3) tunica media contraction

A

Vasoconstriction

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7
Q

What does the heart weigh?

A

200-250g

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8
Q

Where does the heart test using anatomical terms?

A

Rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm, anterior to the vertabrae column and posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum.

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9
Q

Where is the heart possitiones using the ribs / intercostal spaces to help you explain.

A

Between the 2nd rib & 5th intercostal space.

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10
Q

The heart has 4 borders what are they?

A

Upper, lower, right and left

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11
Q

What are The three heart surfaces?

A

Anterior (sternocostal),
Inferior ( diaphragmatic
& left

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12
Q

Name of the outter surface/ sac of the heart

A

Fibrous pericardium

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13
Q

Function of the fibrous pericardium

A
  • Prevents over stretching
  • Provides protection
  • Anchors heart in mediastinum
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14
Q

How what lines the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

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15
Q

Name of layer tightly attached to the heart?

A

Epicardium / visceral pericardium

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16
Q

Name of space between the parietal layer ans visceral layer

A

Pericardial cavity, which has a few mls of percardial fluid to prevent friction

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17
Q

What is the epicardium composed of? There’s 2 structures!

A

1) Delicate connective tissues
2) Mesotheliom

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18
Q

What’s the mesothelium compass/made of?

A

Thin layer of flattened cells that form an epithelium that lines serous cavities.

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19
Q

What’s myocardium composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle that is involuntary striated muscle.

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20
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A
  • Thin layer of squamous epithelial cells overlying a thin layer of connective tissue.
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21
Q

What lines blood vessels

A

Endothelial cells!!

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22
Q

Function of an auricle that is a wrinkled pouch on the anterior surface of each atrium?

A

Slightly increae the capacity of blood the atriums hold

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23
Q

What marks the external boundaries of the chambers?
What do Sulci contain?

A

1) Sulci
2) coronary blood vessels and fat

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24
Q

Coronary arteries that lie in the hearts Sulci fatty area?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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25
Q

Why is the anterior wall rough? Which parallel muscular ridges cause this are present ?

A

Pectinate muscles

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26
Q

What veins open into the right atrium?

A

1) The superior Vena cava
2) The inferior vena cava
3) Coronary sinus
4) anterior cardiac veins
5) The venae cordials minimi

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27
Q

What separates the right and left atrium

A

Interatrial septum

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28
Q

What I the oval depression called that’s in the interatrial septum that normally closes up soon after birth ?

A

Fossa Ovalis

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29
Q

Which ventricle forms a large Prt of the anterior surface (sternocostal) and small part of the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

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30
Q

What’s the the ridges called that are inside the ventricles? And how are they formed?

A

1) Trabeculae carneae (ridges)
2) raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibres

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31
Q

Is the right ventricle triangular or quadrangular?

A

Triangular

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32
Q

Is the left atrium quadrangular or triangular?

A

Quadrangular

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33
Q

What chamber (atria) forms 2/3 of the hearts base

A

Left atrium

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34
Q

What structure connects the papillary muscles to the atroventricular valves

A

Cordae tendenae

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35
Q

Name of partition between the right and left ventricle

A

Interventricular septum.

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36
Q

How many crescent shaped cusps does the biscupid valve have?

How many crescent shaped cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

1) 2
2) 3

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37
Q

What is the largest artery in the body called?

A

Aorta

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38
Q

What are the 2 main circulations in the body called?

A

Pulmonary & Systemic circulation

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39
Q

Where is the rich oxygenated oxygen and nutrition released? Through what vessel?

A

Capillaries

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40
Q

The heart receives oxy and nutrition via a network of blood vessels called?
Hint: It’s a type of circulation

A

Coronary circulation

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41
Q

What organ during systemic circulation does blood pass through?

A

Kidneys

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42
Q

Via the kidneys what is the circulation called ?

A

Renal

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43
Q

What does the kidneys do during renal circulation

A

Filter waste from blood ✅

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44
Q

Blood goes through another organ which is? and
what is the circulation called?

A

Small intestines & it’s called portal circulation

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45
Q

Which organ receives the blood from the small intestines?

A

Liver

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46
Q

What does the liver filter?

A

Sugars from the blood for later 👋

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47
Q

How does the fresh rich oxygenated blood travel back from the lungs to the heart? What’s the name of the veinss?

A

Pulmonary veins

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48
Q

In systemic capillaries what is lost and gained? Oxygen & CO2

A

Oxgyen is lost
Co2 is gained

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49
Q

In pulmonary capillaries which is which?
Gain or loss of 02/CO2

A

Loss of C02
Gain of 02

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50
Q

Title: The coronary circulation
Q: what vessels are responsible for the heart gaining its Oxygen and nutrients

A

Coronary vessels

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51
Q

Which coronary arteries supply the the heart blood

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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52
Q

Name of coronary branch that supplies the wall of both ventricles ?

A

Left anterior decending artery

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53
Q

What supplies the wall of the left ventricle and left atrium

A

The circumflex branch

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54
Q

What is the right coronary artery divided into? Hint: 2 branches

A

1) right marginal branch
2) posterior interventricular beanch

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55
Q

Which vein is in the anterior interventricular sulcus

A

The great cardiac vein

56
Q

Which vein is in the posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Middle cardiac vein

57
Q

Which vein is in the coronary sulcus?

A

Small cardiac vein

58
Q

Which vein opens directly into the right atrium

A

Anterior cardiac vein

59
Q

Revision card: the following open into a large sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart called the coronary sinus (check image I drew in flippy book)

A

Greater, Middle ans small cardiac veins.

60
Q

Where does the coronary sinus open into? Which chamber of the heart!

A

Right atrium

61
Q

Conduction of the heart:
Q: where is the cardiac impulse generated at a rate of 100/min?
Hint: known as the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

SA nose (sinoatrial node)

62
Q

What is located on the lower part of the interatrial sepum? And beats at 60/min

A

AV node

63
Q

What is located in interventricular septum?

A

Bundle of His

64
Q

The conduction of the heart starting from SA node ?

A

SA node > AV node > bundle of His > L & R bundle branches > purkinje fibres

65
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

Contraction of atria

66
Q

What does the QRS complete represent?

A

Rapid ventricular depolarisation

67
Q

What does the T wave represents?
Why is it wider than QRS complex?

A

Ventricular repolarisation
Ans because ventricular repolarisation is slower than ventricular depolarisation.

68
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

The conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to ventricular excitation

In other words: Time taken for cardiac impulse to travel thru the atria (SA node) to the AV node).

69
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

Early phase of ventricular repolarisation

70
Q

What does the QT interval represent?

A

Beginning of ventricular depolarisation to he send is ventricular repolarisation

71
Q

When the heart rate is 75b/min how long does the cardiac cycle last?

A

0.8 secs

72
Q

What is the first phase do if the cardiac cycle ?

A

Isovolumetric phase (early disatole)

73
Q

What is the 2nd phase do if the cardiac cycle ?

A

Ventricular filling ( mid to late diastole)

74
Q

What is the 3rd phase of the cardiac cycle ?

A

Ventricular systole (constriction)

75
Q

Stage where all the valves are closed causing no change in the blood in the ventricles is called ? Hint: one of 3 cardiac cycle stages

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

76
Q

Name Stage or phase of the cardiac cycle where ALL the chambers of the heart are in diastole? And what happens

A

Stage name: ventricular filling
- what happens: this is where ventricular filling rapidly & isovolumetric relaxation occurs.

(All chambers relaxed and ventricles being fillled up)

77
Q

During the last 3rd of ventricular filling how many mLs of blood are pumped into ventricles

A

20-25mLs

78
Q

How much blood does the ventricule have in total after ventricular diastole?
What is this known as?
Which valves are open and shut?

A

1) 130 Mls
2) EDV (end diastolic volume)
3) AV valves open
4) semilunar valves shut

79
Q

What cardiac cycle stage is it when the 4 valves are shut for 0.05 secs

A

Isovolumetric contraction

80
Q

At what mmHg is the aortic semilunar valve open to eject blood into the aorta for the body?

A

80mmHg / 120mmHg

81
Q

At what pressure does right atrium have to surpass so the the pulmonary valve open

A

20mmHg

82
Q

The amount of blood that remains in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole is called …?

A

End systolic volume (ESV)

83
Q

Heartbeat (beats/min) x Stroke volume (mL/beat) calculates what ?

A

Cardiac output

84
Q

____ is the degree of stretch the heart muscle before it contracts

A

Preload

85
Q

EDV is also knows as …?

A

Pre-load

86
Q

What factors determine preload/EDV

A

Length of diastole
&
The venous pressure

87
Q

Revision card only:
if HR ⬆️ the duration of diastole ⬇️ = shorter filling time & smaller EDV.

If venous pressure ⬆️ more blood to ventricles = ⬆️ EDV

A
88
Q

What does positive in Otto pic agents do to the contractibility of the heart ?
⬆️or⬇️

A

Increase myocardial contractibiltiy
- why? Promotion of calcium inflow during action potential = ⬆️ power for next contraction

89
Q

1) Sympathetic stimulation
2) Epinepherine & noraepinephrine
3) High levels of if calcium ions in extracellular fluid
4) certain drugs
What factor group do they belong positive or negative inotropic factors?

A

Possitive

90
Q

1) Sympathetic inhibition
2) anoxia (lack of 02)
3) acidosis (low PH)
4) ⬆️ lvls of K+ in extra cellar fluid
5) drugs called calcium channel blockers which act by ⬇️calcium inflow.
Are these positive or negative inotropic factors?

A

Negative

91
Q

What is it called when The pressure that must overcome before the semilunar valves can open?

A

After load

92
Q

What diseases cause a ⬆️ in afterload

A

Hypertension& artherosclerosis

93
Q

What Centre regulates the heart rate and ventricular contractibility

A

Cardiovascular centre

94
Q

What does the cardiovascular Centre compromise/ have a collection of ?

A

Collection of neurons

95
Q

Where is the cardiovascular Centre located

A

Medulla oblongata

96
Q

Where does the cardiovascular Centre get impulses from ? Name the 5 areas ?

A

Cerebral cortex,
limbic system
hypothalamus
Chemoreceptors
& proprioceptors

97
Q

The output form the cardiovascular Centre is through which nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system

98
Q

The release of what is called positive chronotropic agents ?
Hint: 2 things are released

A

Adrenaline & noradrenaline

99
Q

The sympathetic innervation of the heart is via which nerves ?

A

Spinal cord nerves

100
Q

Opposite to POSSITIVE chronotropic factors is NEGATIVE chronotropic factors.

Which neurotransmitter is released that
1) decreases the heart rate?
And from which nervous system ?

A

1) neurotransmitter: Acetycholine
2) nervous sys: Parasympathetic NS
(NS = Neevous system)

101
Q

VASCULAR SYSTEM

A

🫁

102
Q

Is the vascular system a closed or open system of vessels

A

Closed system of vessels

103
Q

What are the 3 MAJOR types of blood vessels? Name all 3.

2 have some differences in their walls which ones do and what are the differences?

A

arterial bloood vessels: Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles.

  • Capillaries
  • Venous blood vessels: Veins & Venules
104
Q

Tunica interna (intima) consists of a what SIMPLE layer of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous

105
Q

Tunica interna:
What’s right outside the lumen of the artery. What surrounds it?
in terms of its layers

A

Basement membrane

106
Q

Tunica Interna:
What separates & is in between the tunica interna (lumen from the tunica media which is the 2 nd layer of vessel - smooth muscle)

A

Internal elastic lamina

107
Q

What’s inside the tunica media (smooth muscle) to allow it to stretch & respond to pressure?

A

Elastic

108
Q

Are the muscles I. The smooth muscle longitudinal OR circular?

A

Circular

109
Q

What nervous system supply the smooth muscles?
1) ANS
2) SNS
3) CNS
4) PNS

A

Sympathetic fibres of the ANS

110
Q

What separates the smooth muscle from the tunica externa

A

External elastic lamina

111
Q

What is the tunicam xterna composed mainly of?
(Hint: one word & it’s found in skin)

A

Collagen

112
Q

What does “ the answer to card 111 fibres“ protect?

Vessels
Nerve fibres
Lymphatic vessels
Only one of these

A

All of these

113
Q

What are large arteries infiltrated with ?

A

Vaso-vosorum

114
Q

The capillary has 2 elements that that make it up what is it?

(Hint: lone lines the inner part of the heart)

A

Endothelium & basement membrane!!

115
Q

The three types of of arteries mentioned in presvious questions are the 3 types of stripes that carry the deoxygenated blood?

A

Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles

116
Q

Average diameter of of the lumen of elastic vessel

A

1.5cm

117
Q

Name 7 types of ELASTIC arteries
(Hint: they’re arteries that branch out of the bodies main one! 😉)

A

1) Aorta
2) Brachiocephalic
3) Common carotid
4) Subclavian
5) Vertebral
6) Pulmonary
7) Commmon illiac

118
Q

Muscular arteries:
Medium sized arteries have a average size of _____ But have thick walls

A

6mm

119
Q

They’re also known as distributing arteries too and why is this?

A

They deliver blood to different areas of the body

120
Q

Name 2 very common muscular arteries:

A

Brachial & Radial

121
Q

Arterioles:
What connects arteries to capillaries?
Hint: Read the question twice!

A

Arterioles

122
Q

What kind of cells do they contain. It’s only one layer thick!

A

Epithelial

123
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels in the body ?

A

Capillaries

124
Q

They are found mainly in which organs ?
X2 organs
X1 nervous system

A

Liver
Kidney
Nervous system

125
Q

What 4 parts of body are deprived cartilages 👀

A

Eyes
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments

126
Q

What happened between the walls so that nutritional and waste matériels are transported between blood and cells ?

A

Diffusion!

127
Q

Name of circulation between Arterioles to venules thru the cappilies

A

Microcirculation

128
Q

Network of callilaties called ?

A

Cap bed

129
Q

What does the materriol open up to become in the capillary bed ?

A

Cap bed

130
Q

Name of sphincter that surround each true capillary

A

Precapillary sphincter

131
Q

What does the precapillary sphincted regulate?

A

Blood flow thru capillary arteries

132
Q

The distal part of the capillary bed is called the t______re channel which opens to venules (venous vessels)

A

Thouroughfare

133
Q

What is skeletal muscle pump? What does it do?

A

Pushes blood back up to the heart due to muscle contraction! Veins hav wa one way valve that also prevent back flow

134
Q

What is the respiratory pump? & what happens

A

The abdo cavities pressure increases ⬆️
Whilst that happens …
The lungs cavity pressure decreases ⬇️ so the pressure differences causes blood from the abdomen to move to the chest.

135
Q

During rest what is the systolic number

A

110

136
Q

During rest what is the diastolic blood pressure?

A
137
Q

What generates the pressure for systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

Ventricles (heart)

Anatomy & Physioligy (15 decks)

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