Cardiovascular Flashcards
Do all blood cells have a tunica media
Yes
What essential structural component is the tunica media of vessels made of?
Endothelial cells
What is the cellular messenger (ion) that results in the contraction of smooth muscles in vessels?
Calcium
What layer of the heart would immediately be most susceptible to infections caused by bacteria circulating in the blood?
- Epicardium ?
- Myocardium ?
- Pericardium ?
- Endocardium ?
Endocardium
Why? It’s the closest
What vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart?
Pulmonary artery
So how does the circulatory system promote heat retention/conservation on a cold day?
1) Vasodialation
2) Vasoconstriction
3) tunica media contraction
Vasoconstriction
What does the heart weigh?
200-250g
Where does the heart test using anatomical terms?
Rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm, anterior to the vertabrae column and posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum.
Where is the heart possitiones using the ribs / intercostal spaces to help you explain.
Between the 2nd rib & 5th intercostal space.
The heart has 4 borders what are they?
Upper, lower, right and left
What are The three heart surfaces?
Anterior (sternocostal),
Inferior ( diaphragmatic
& left
Name of the outter surface/ sac of the heart
Fibrous pericardium
Function of the fibrous pericardium
- Prevents over stretching
- Provides protection
- Anchors heart in mediastinum
How what lines the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal layer
Name of layer tightly attached to the heart?
Epicardium / visceral pericardium
Name of space between the parietal layer ans visceral layer
Pericardial cavity, which has a few mls of percardial fluid to prevent friction
What is the epicardium composed of? There’s 2 structures!
1) Delicate connective tissues
2) Mesotheliom
What’s the mesothelium compass/made of?
Thin layer of flattened cells that form an epithelium that lines serous cavities.
What’s myocardium composed of?
Cardiac muscle that is involuntary striated muscle.
What is the endocardium composed of?
- Thin layer of squamous epithelial cells overlying a thin layer of connective tissue.
What lines blood vessels
Endothelial cells!!
Function of an auricle that is a wrinkled pouch on the anterior surface of each atrium?
Slightly increae the capacity of blood the atriums hold
What marks the external boundaries of the chambers?
What do Sulci contain?
1) Sulci
2) coronary blood vessels and fat
Coronary arteries that lie in the hearts Sulci fatty area?
Left and right coronary arteries
Why is the anterior wall rough? Which parallel muscular ridges cause this are present ?
Pectinate muscles
What veins open into the right atrium?
1) The superior Vena cava
2) The inferior vena cava
3) Coronary sinus
4) anterior cardiac veins
5) The venae cordials minimi
What separates the right and left atrium
Interatrial septum
What I the oval depression called that’s in the interatrial septum that normally closes up soon after birth ?
Fossa Ovalis
Which ventricle forms a large Prt of the anterior surface (sternocostal) and small part of the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart?
Right ventricle
What’s the the ridges called that are inside the ventricles? And how are they formed?
1) Trabeculae carneae (ridges)
2) raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibres
Is the right ventricle triangular or quadrangular?
Triangular
Is the left atrium quadrangular or triangular?
Quadrangular
What chamber (atria) forms 2/3 of the hearts base
Left atrium
What structure connects the papillary muscles to the atroventricular valves
Cordae tendenae
Name of partition between the right and left ventricle
Interventricular septum.
How many crescent shaped cusps does the biscupid valve have?
How many crescent shaped cusps does the tricuspid valve have?
1) 2
2) 3
What is the largest artery in the body called?
Aorta
What are the 2 main circulations in the body called?
Pulmonary & Systemic circulation
Where is the rich oxygenated oxygen and nutrition released? Through what vessel?
Capillaries
The heart receives oxy and nutrition via a network of blood vessels called?
Hint: It’s a type of circulation
Coronary circulation
What organ during systemic circulation does blood pass through?
Kidneys
Via the kidneys what is the circulation called ?
Renal
What does the kidneys do during renal circulation
Filter waste from blood ✅
Blood goes through another organ which is? and
what is the circulation called?
Small intestines & it’s called portal circulation
Which organ receives the blood from the small intestines?
Liver
What does the liver filter?
Sugars from the blood for later 👋
How does the fresh rich oxygenated blood travel back from the lungs to the heart? What’s the name of the veinss?
Pulmonary veins
In systemic capillaries what is lost and gained? Oxygen & CO2
Oxgyen is lost
Co2 is gained
In pulmonary capillaries which is which?
Gain or loss of 02/CO2
Loss of C02
Gain of 02
Title: The coronary circulation
Q: what vessels are responsible for the heart gaining its Oxygen and nutrients
Coronary vessels
Which coronary arteries supply the the heart blood
Left and right coronary arteries
Name of coronary branch that supplies the wall of both ventricles ?
Left anterior decending artery
What supplies the wall of the left ventricle and left atrium
The circumflex branch
What is the right coronary artery divided into? Hint: 2 branches
1) right marginal branch
2) posterior interventricular beanch
Which vein is in the anterior interventricular sulcus
The great cardiac vein
Which vein is in the posterior interventricular sulcus
Middle cardiac vein
Which vein is in the coronary sulcus?
Small cardiac vein
Which vein opens directly into the right atrium
Anterior cardiac vein
Revision card: the following open into a large sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart called the coronary sinus (check image I drew in flippy book)
Greater, Middle ans small cardiac veins.
Where does the coronary sinus open into? Which chamber of the heart!
Right atrium
Conduction of the heart:
Q: where is the cardiac impulse generated at a rate of 100/min?
Hint: known as the natural pacemaker of the heart
SA nose (sinoatrial node)
What is located on the lower part of the interatrial sepum? And beats at 60/min
AV node
What is located in interventricular septum?
Bundle of His
The conduction of the heart starting from SA node ?
SA node > AV node > bundle of His > L & R bundle branches > purkinje fibres
What does the P wave represent?
Contraction of atria
What does the QRS complete represent?
Rapid ventricular depolarisation
What does the T wave represents?
Why is it wider than QRS complex?
Ventricular repolarisation
Ans because ventricular repolarisation is slower than ventricular depolarisation.
What does the PR interval represent?
The conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to ventricular excitation
In other words: Time taken for cardiac impulse to travel thru the atria (SA node) to the AV node).
What does the ST segment represent?
Early phase of ventricular repolarisation
What does the QT interval represent?
Beginning of ventricular depolarisation to he send is ventricular repolarisation
When the heart rate is 75b/min how long does the cardiac cycle last?
0.8 secs
What is the first phase do if the cardiac cycle ?
Isovolumetric phase (early disatole)
What is the 2nd phase do if the cardiac cycle ?
Ventricular filling ( mid to late diastole)
What is the 3rd phase of the cardiac cycle ?
Ventricular systole (constriction)
Stage where all the valves are closed causing no change in the blood in the ventricles is called ? Hint: one of 3 cardiac cycle stages
Isovolumetric relaxation
Name Stage or phase of the cardiac cycle where ALL the chambers of the heart are in diastole? And what happens
Stage name: ventricular filling
- what happens: this is where ventricular filling rapidly & isovolumetric relaxation occurs.
(All chambers relaxed and ventricles being fillled up)
During the last 3rd of ventricular filling how many mLs of blood are pumped into ventricles
20-25mLs
How much blood does the ventricule have in total after ventricular diastole?
What is this known as?
Which valves are open and shut?
1) 130 Mls
2) EDV (end diastolic volume)
3) AV valves open
4) semilunar valves shut
What cardiac cycle stage is it when the 4 valves are shut for 0.05 secs
Isovolumetric contraction
At what mmHg is the aortic semilunar valve open to eject blood into the aorta for the body?
80mmHg / 120mmHg
At what pressure does right atrium have to surpass so the the pulmonary valve open
20mmHg
The amount of blood that remains in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole is called …?
End systolic volume (ESV)
Heartbeat (beats/min) x Stroke volume (mL/beat) calculates what ?
Cardiac output
____ is the degree of stretch the heart muscle before it contracts
Preload
EDV is also knows as …?
Pre-load
What factors determine preload/EDV
Length of diastole
&
The venous pressure
Revision card only:
if HR ⬆️ the duration of diastole ⬇️ = shorter filling time & smaller EDV.
If venous pressure ⬆️ more blood to ventricles = ⬆️ EDV
What does positive in Otto pic agents do to the contractibility of the heart ?
⬆️or⬇️
Increase myocardial contractibiltiy
- why? Promotion of calcium inflow during action potential = ⬆️ power for next contraction
1) Sympathetic stimulation
2) Epinepherine & noraepinephrine
3) High levels of if calcium ions in extracellular fluid
4) certain drugs
What factor group do they belong positive or negative inotropic factors?
Possitive
1) Sympathetic inhibition
2) anoxia (lack of 02)
3) acidosis (low PH)
4) ⬆️ lvls of K+ in extra cellar fluid
5) drugs called calcium channel blockers which act by ⬇️calcium inflow.
Are these positive or negative inotropic factors?
Negative
What is it called when The pressure that must overcome before the semilunar valves can open?
After load
What diseases cause a ⬆️ in afterload
Hypertension& artherosclerosis
What Centre regulates the heart rate and ventricular contractibility
Cardiovascular centre
What does the cardiovascular Centre compromise/ have a collection of ?
Collection of neurons
Where is the cardiovascular Centre located
Medulla oblongata
Where does the cardiovascular Centre get impulses from ? Name the 5 areas ?
Cerebral cortex,
limbic system
hypothalamus
Chemoreceptors
& proprioceptors
The output form the cardiovascular Centre is through which nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system
The release of what is called positive chronotropic agents ?
Hint: 2 things are released
Adrenaline & noradrenaline
The sympathetic innervation of the heart is via which nerves ?
Spinal cord nerves
Opposite to POSSITIVE chronotropic factors is NEGATIVE chronotropic factors.
Which neurotransmitter is released that
1) decreases the heart rate?
And from which nervous system ?
1) neurotransmitter: Acetycholine
2) nervous sys: Parasympathetic NS
(NS = Neevous system)
VASCULAR SYSTEM
🫁
Is the vascular system a closed or open system of vessels
Closed system of vessels
What are the 3 MAJOR types of blood vessels? Name all 3.
2 have some differences in their walls which ones do and what are the differences?
arterial bloood vessels: Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles.
- Capillaries
- Venous blood vessels: Veins & Venules
Tunica interna (intima) consists of a what SIMPLE layer of epithelial tissue?
Squamous
Tunica interna:
What’s right outside the lumen of the artery. What surrounds it?
in terms of its layers
Basement membrane
Tunica Interna:
What separates & is in between the tunica interna (lumen from the tunica media which is the 2 nd layer of vessel - smooth muscle)
Internal elastic lamina
What’s inside the tunica media (smooth muscle) to allow it to stretch & respond to pressure?
Elastic
Are the muscles I. The smooth muscle longitudinal OR circular?
Circular
What nervous system supply the smooth muscles?
1) ANS
2) SNS
3) CNS
4) PNS
Sympathetic fibres of the ANS
What separates the smooth muscle from the tunica externa
External elastic lamina
What is the tunicam xterna composed mainly of?
(Hint: one word & it’s found in skin)
Collagen
What does “ the answer to card 111 fibres“ protect?
Vessels
Nerve fibres
Lymphatic vessels
Only one of these
All of these
What are large arteries infiltrated with ?
Vaso-vosorum
The capillary has 2 elements that that make it up what is it?
(Hint: lone lines the inner part of the heart)
Endothelium & basement membrane!!
The three types of of arteries mentioned in presvious questions are the 3 types of stripes that carry the deoxygenated blood?
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Average diameter of of the lumen of elastic vessel
1.5cm
Name 7 types of ELASTIC arteries
(Hint: they’re arteries that branch out of the bodies main one! 😉)
1) Aorta
2) Brachiocephalic
3) Common carotid
4) Subclavian
5) Vertebral
6) Pulmonary
7) Commmon illiac
Muscular arteries:
Medium sized arteries have a average size of _____ But have thick walls
6mm
They’re also known as distributing arteries too and why is this?
They deliver blood to different areas of the body
Name 2 very common muscular arteries:
Brachial & Radial
Arterioles:
What connects arteries to capillaries?
Hint: Read the question twice!
Arterioles
What kind of cells do they contain. It’s only one layer thick!
Epithelial
What are the smallest blood vessels in the body ?
Capillaries
They are found mainly in which organs ?
X2 organs
X1 nervous system
Liver
Kidney
Nervous system
What 4 parts of body are deprived cartilages 👀
Eyes
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
What happened between the walls so that nutritional and waste matériels are transported between blood and cells ?
Diffusion!
Name of circulation between Arterioles to venules thru the cappilies
Microcirculation
Network of callilaties called ?
Cap bed
What does the materriol open up to become in the capillary bed ?
Cap bed
Name of sphincter that surround each true capillary
Precapillary sphincter
What does the precapillary sphincted regulate?
Blood flow thru capillary arteries
The distal part of the capillary bed is called the t______re channel which opens to venules (venous vessels)
Thouroughfare
What is skeletal muscle pump? What does it do?
Pushes blood back up to the heart due to muscle contraction! Veins hav wa one way valve that also prevent back flow
What is the respiratory pump? & what happens
The abdo cavities pressure increases ⬆️
Whilst that happens …
The lungs cavity pressure decreases ⬇️ so the pressure differences causes blood from the abdomen to move to the chest.
During rest what is the systolic number
110
During rest what is the diastolic blood pressure?
What generates the pressure for systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Ventricles (heart)
