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KNES 260 > Gastrointestinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the oral cavity include?

A

Mouth, teeth, gums, tongue, palate, palatine tonsils

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2
Q

What occurs in the oral cavity?

A

Food is ingested and prepared for digestion

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the oral cavity?

A
  1. Oral vestibule
  2. Oral cavity proper
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4
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

Slit like space between teeth and lips/cheeks

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5
Q

What is the oral cavity proper?

A

Space between upper and lower dental arches

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6
Q

What do the buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles do?

A

Help keep food between upper and lower teeth, assist with speech

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7
Q

What does the labial frenula do?

A

Anchor lips to gums

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8
Q

What is the structure of lips and cheeks?

A

Skin on Th outside, mucous membrane on the inside

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9
Q

What does the buccal fat pad prevent?

A

Collapse of cheeks

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10
Q

What is fovea buccalis?

A

Cheek dimples

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11
Q

What are cheek dimples?

A

Split in zygomaticus major (genetic variation)

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12
Q

True/false: gums have poor blood supply and innovation

A

False

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13
Q

What is the structure of gingivae?

A

Fibrous tissue covered with mucous membrane

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14
Q

What do alveolar processes anchor?

A

Gingivae

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15
Q

What do alveolar processes maintain the integrity of?

A

Dental arches

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16
Q

What are teeth secured by?

A

Periodontal ligaments

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17
Q

What muscles are involved in mechanical digestion?

A

Master and temporalis

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18
Q

How many primary teeth do children have?

A

20 primary teeth

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19
Q

How many secondary teeth do adults have?

A

32 secondary teeth

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20
Q

How many medial incisors do you have?

A

1(each side-top/bottom)

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21
Q

How many lateral incisors do you have?

A

1 (l/r, t/b)

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22
Q

How many canine teeth do adults have?

A

1 (t/b - l/r)

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23
Q

How many pre-molars do adults have?

A

2 (l/r, t/b)

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24
Q

How many molars do adults have?

A

3(t/b - l/r)

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25
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tooth?

A

Crown, neck, root

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26
Q

What are the teeth composed off?

A

Dentin

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27
Q

What covers the crown?

A

Enamel

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28
Q

What covers the root?

A

Cementum

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29
Q

W hat does the pulp cavity contain?

A

Vessels and nerves (via root canal

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30
Q

What type of muscle makes up the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle

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31
Q

What is the tongue involved in?

A

Mastication, taste, deglutition (swallowing), articulation, and oral cleansing

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32
Q

What innervates the tongue (and what type)?

A

Motor innovation by cnxii

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33
Q

What is the root of the tongue?

A

Posterior 1/3

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34
Q

What are lingual papillae?

A

Taste buds

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35
Q

What are the types of lingual papillae?

A
  • follate (taste)
  • vallate (taste)
    -Fungiform (taste)
    -Filiform (tactile stimulation)
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36
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savoury)

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37
Q

True/false: receptors are localized

A

False!

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38
Q

What are 2 genetic variations related to Ike tongue?

A

-Ptc:supertasters
- sodium benzoate: bitter!

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39
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
    3 sublingual
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40
Q

What do the 3 salivary glands do?

A

Produce and deliver saliva

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41
Q

What does saliva do?

A
  • Moisten mucous nembrale of mouth
    Lubricate food
  • begin digestion of starches
  • intrinsic mouthwash
    -Prevent tooth decay
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42
Q

How much saliva do we produce a day?

A

1-2 litres

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43
Q

Function of nasopharynx

A

Respiratory only

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44
Q

Borders of nasopharynx

A

Extension of nasal cavities to soft palate (uvula)

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45
Q

Functions of oropharynx:

A

Digestive and respiratory

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46
Q

Borders of oropharynx:

A

Soft palate to epiglottis or hyoid bone

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47
Q

Function of larygopharynx:

A

Digestive and respiratory

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48
Q

Border of laryngopharynx?

A

Hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage

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49
Q

What type of muscle is the 1st third of the esophagus?

A

Skeletal

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50
Q

What type of muscle is the 2nd third of the esophagus?

A

Mixed

51
Q

What type of muscle is the 3rd third of the esophagus?

A

Smooth

52
Q

How many litres can your stomach hold?

A

2-3 litres

53
Q

What does the acidic gastric juice do?

A

Gradually converts food into chyme (mixes it)

54
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

In the stomach

55
Q

What are the gastric layers of the stomach?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis external
    4.serosa (adventitia)
56
Q

What are the functions of he serosa?

A

Protection and support (outermost layer)

57
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

A

Stomach movement

58
Q

How many layers of muscularis external is there? What are they? What type of muscle?

A

3 layers (smooth muscle)
-Oblique
-Circular
-Longitudinal

59
Q

What is contained in the submucosa?

A

Blood vessels, nerves

60
Q

What is the function of the mucosa?

A

Produce stomach acid

61
Q

What are gastric folds called?

A

Rugae

62
Q

What is the purpose of Rugae?

A
  • increase surface area
  • provide elasticity
63
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

Approx. 30cm

64
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

Large amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients

65
Q

What does the duodenum receive?

A
  1. Chyme (from stomach, acidic)
  2. Bile (from gallbladder/liver)
  3. Bicarbonate from pancreas, alkaline
  4. Digestive enzymes from pancreas
    -Amylase
    -Lipase
    - proteases
66
Q

Where is bile created?

A

Liver

67
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

68
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsification of fats

69
Q

Where does the pancreas lie?

A

Retroperitoneally

70
Q

What does the pancreas follow?

A

Splenic arteries

71
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Digestive gland

72
Q

Where does the pancreas dump into?

A

Duodenum

73
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A
  • pancreatic juice (bicarbonate-based fluid to reduce acidity)
    -Digestive enzymes
    -Glucagon (convert glycogen to glucose)
  • insulin (facilitate movement of glucose to muscle cells)
74
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosa (innermost)
    2 submucosa
  2. Muscularis external
  3. Serosa (adventitia) -outermost layer
75
Q

What is the serosa for?

A

Protection and support

76
Q

What is the role of intestinal muscularis externa?

A

Intestinal movement

77
Q

What is the intestinal muscular externa made up of?

A

Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle

78
Q

What is in the submucosa of the intestine?

A

Blood vessels, nerves

79
Q

What layer are the crypts and villi in in the intestine?

A

Mucosa

80
Q

What is the function of the folds in the intestine?

A

Increase surface area for digestion/absorption

81
Q

What are the 2 intestinal movements?

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

82
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Series of involuntary wave -like muscle contractions (moves substance along tract in one direction)

83
Q

What muscles fibres are involved in peristalsis?

A

Both circular and longitudinal muscle fibres

84
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Mixing and churning within smaller segments to facilitate digestion

85
Q

What is the main muscle layer used in segmentation?

A

Circular muscle

86
Q

What quadrants does the jejunum lie in?

A

Upper and lower abdominal quadrants

87
Q

What happens in the jejunum?

A

Absorption of nutrients, fat and water

88
Q

What quadrant does the ileum mainly lie in?

A

Lower right quadrant

89
Q

What occurs in the ileum?

A

Mainly fat and water absorption and any remaining nutrients
Passage of chyme into large intestine

90
Q

What is the teniae coli?

A

Three thickened bands of smooth muscle on the large intestine

91
Q

What is he cecum?

A

Large pouch for collection of food

92
Q

What is the appendix hypothesized to be?

A

That is was part of the gastrointestinal immune system

93
Q

What is the appendix a safe-house for?

A

Repopulating communal bacteria after GI illness

94
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • Movement of food for elimination
  • water and vitamin absorption
    -lined with bacteria to break down any remaining nutrients (fibre)
  • chyme moved through the large intestine, dehydrated, mixed with bacteria and mucus and formed into feces
95
Q

What is haustral churning?

A

Haustra remained relaxed and distend as they fill up. After a certain point, the walls contract and squeeze contents into next haustrum

96
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

Spleen

97
Q

Why is the spleen called the organ of odd numbers?

A

Dimensions: 1x3x5 inches
Weight: 7 ounces
Protected by ribs 9-11

98
Q

How much of your total blood volume is the spleen?

A

5-10 %

99
Q

Why is the splenic artery so big?

A

Because of large blood volume

100
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Monitor blood for any pathogens (t-cells)
Macrophages swallow and digest debris in blood (old RBC)
Hematopoiesis during development (process of blood cell formation, bone marrow takes over after maturation of long bones)

101
Q

True/ false: the liver can repair itself

A

True

102
Q

What is the main function of the liver?

A

Filtering

103
Q

What are secondary functions of the liver?

A

Secretes bile, stores glycogen, produces lymphocytes

104
Q

What is on the visceral surface of the liver?

A

-Gastric and pyloric areas
- duodenal areas
- colic area
-Renal and supravenal areas
-Gallbladder

105
Q

True/false: the right and left lobes of the liver are functionally dependant

A

False ( independent)

106
Q

What divides the right and left lobes of the liver on the diaphragmatic surface?

A

Falciform ligament

107
Q

What surface is the caudate lobe on?

A

Visceral surface

108
Q

What separates the left lake of liver and the caudate lobe?

A

Ligamentum venosum

109
Q

What separates the right lobe and caudate lobe of the liver?

A

IVC

110
Q

What surface is the quadrate lobe on?

A

Visceral

111
Q

What separates the left lobe and the quadrate lobe of the liver?

A

Ligamentum teres (round ligament)

112
Q

What separates the right lobe and quadrate lobe of the liver?

A

Gallbladder

113
Q

True/false: blood leaving heart is always filtered

A

True (arteries are all filtered)

114
Q

What are the 3 primary GI tract arteries?

A
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • inferior resenteric artery
  • proper hepatic artery
115
Q

True/false: blood from GI tract is filtered

A

False (veins always unfiltered)

116
Q

What are the primary veins of the GI tract?

A
  • Superior mesenteric vein
  • interior mesenteric vein
  • splenic vein carries filtered bald until IMV joins on)
  • hepatic portal vein
117
Q

True/false: double blood supply enters porta hepatis

A

True

118
Q

What are the two sources of blood entering the liver?

A
  • hepatic artery proper to supply liver itself (25%)
    -hepatic portal veini from GI tract to be filtered (75%)
119
Q

What does the portal vein entering the liver split into?

A

Hepatic sinusoids (capillary network)

120
Q

True/false: hepatic sinusoids are leakiest capillary bed in the body

A

True

121
Q

What blood mixes in the hepatic sinusoids?

A

Hepatic artery and portal vein blood

122
Q

What do hepatic sinusoids drain into?

A

Central veins

123
Q

What do central veins dump-into?

A

Multiple central veins dump into 1 hepatic vein→ IVC → RA

124
Q

What is portal triad?

A
  1. Bile duct (furthest right)
  2. Branch of hepatic artery
  3. Branch of hepatic portal vein (further left)

KNES 260 (9 decks)

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