Gastrointestinal Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What does the oral cavity include?
A
Mouth, teeth, gums, tongue, palate, palatine tonsils
2
Q
What occurs in the oral cavity?
A
Food is ingested and prepared for digestion
3
Q
What are the two parts of the oral cavity?
A
- Oral vestibule
- Oral cavity proper
4
Q
What is the oral vestibule?
A
Slit like space between teeth and lips/cheeks
5
Q
What is the oral cavity proper?
A
Space between upper and lower dental arches
6
Q
What do the buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles do?
A
Help keep food between upper and lower teeth, assist with speech
7
Q
What does the labial frenula do?
A
Anchor lips to gums
8
Q
What is the structure of lips and cheeks?
A
Skin on Th outside, mucous membrane on the inside
9
Q
What does the buccal fat pad prevent?
A
Collapse of cheeks
10
Q
What is fovea buccalis?
A
Cheek dimples
11
Q
What are cheek dimples?
A
Split in zygomaticus major (genetic variation)
12
Q
True/false: gums have poor blood supply and innovation
A
False
13
Q
What is the structure of gingivae?
A
Fibrous tissue covered with mucous membrane
14
Q
What do alveolar processes anchor?
A
Gingivae
15
Q
What do alveolar processes maintain the integrity of?
A
Dental arches
16
Q
What are teeth secured by?
A
Periodontal ligaments
17
Q
What muscles are involved in mechanical digestion?
A
Master and temporalis
18
Q
How many primary teeth do children have?
A
20 primary teeth
19
Q
How many secondary teeth do adults have?
A
32 secondary teeth
20
Q
How many medial incisors do you have?
A
1(each side-top/bottom)
21
Q
How many lateral incisors do you have?
A
1 (l/r, t/b)
22
Q
How many canine teeth do adults have?
A
1 (t/b - l/r)
23
Q
How many pre-molars do adults have?
A
2 (l/r, t/b)
24
Q
How many molars do adults have?
A
3(t/b - l/r)
25
What are the 3 parts of the tooth?
Crown, neck, root
26
What are the teeth composed off?
Dentin
27
What covers the crown?
Enamel
28
What covers the root?
Cementum
29
W hat does the pulp cavity contain?
Vessels and nerves (via root canal
30
What type of muscle makes up the tongue?
Skeletal muscle
31
What is the tongue involved in?
Mastication, taste, deglutition (swallowing), articulation, and oral cleansing
32
What innervates the tongue (and what type)?
Motor innovation by cnxii
33
What is the root of the tongue?
Posterior 1/3
34
What are lingual papillae?
Taste buds
35
What are the types of lingual papillae?
- follate (taste)
- vallate (taste)
-Fungiform (taste)
-Filiform (tactile stimulation)
36
What are the 5 primary tastes?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savoury)
37
True/false: receptors are localized
False!
38
What are 2 genetic variations related to Ike tongue?
-Ptc:supertasters
- sodium benzoate: bitter!
39
What are the 3 salivary glands?
1. Parotid
2. Submandibular
3 sublingual
40
What do the 3 salivary glands do?
Produce and deliver saliva
41
What does saliva do?
- Moisten mucous nembrale of mouth
Lubricate food
- begin digestion of starches
- intrinsic mouthwash
-Prevent tooth decay
42
How much saliva do we produce a day?
1-2 litres
43
Function of nasopharynx
Respiratory only
44
Borders of nasopharynx
Extension of nasal cavities to soft palate (uvula)
45
Functions of oropharynx:
Digestive and respiratory
46
Borders of oropharynx:
Soft palate to epiglottis or hyoid bone
47
Function of larygopharynx:
Digestive and respiratory
48
Border of laryngopharynx?
Hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage
49
What type of muscle is the 1st third of the esophagus?
Skeletal
50
What type of muscle is the 2nd third of the esophagus?
Mixed
51
What type of muscle is the 3rd third of the esophagus?
Smooth
52
How many litres can your stomach hold?
2-3 litres
53
What does the acidic gastric juice do?
Gradually converts food into chyme (mixes it)
54
Where does protein digestion begin?
In the stomach
55
What are the gastric layers of the stomach?
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis external
4.serosa (adventitia)
56
What are the functions of he serosa?
Protection and support (outermost layer)
57
What is the function of the muscularis externa?
Stomach movement
58
How many layers of muscularis external is there? What are they? What type of muscle?
3 layers (smooth muscle)
-Oblique
-Circular
-Longitudinal
59
What is contained in the submucosa?
Blood vessels, nerves
60
What is the function of the mucosa?
Produce stomach acid
61
What are gastric folds called?
Rugae
62
What is the purpose of Rugae?
- increase surface area
- provide elasticity
63
How long is the duodenum?
Approx. 30cm
64
What happens in the duodenum?
Large amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients
65
What does the duodenum receive?
1. Chyme (from stomach, acidic)
2. Bile (from gallbladder/liver)
3. Bicarbonate from pancreas, alkaline
4. Digestive enzymes from pancreas
-Amylase
-Lipase
- proteases
66
Where is bile created?
Liver
67
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
68
What does bile do?
Emulsification of fats
69
Where does the pancreas lie?
Retroperitoneally
70
What does the pancreas follow?
Splenic arteries
71
What type of gland is the pancreas?
Digestive gland
72
Where does the pancreas dump into?
Duodenum
73
What does the pancreas produce?
- pancreatic juice (bicarbonate-based fluid to reduce acidity)
-Digestive enzymes
-Glucagon (convert glycogen to glucose)
- insulin (facilitate movement of glucose to muscle cells)
74
What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?
1. Mucosa (innermost)
2 submucosa
3. Muscularis external
4. Serosa (adventitia) -outermost layer
75
What is the serosa for?
Protection and support
76
What is the role of intestinal muscularis externa?
Intestinal movement
77
What is the intestinal muscular externa made up of?
Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle
78
What is in the submucosa of the intestine?
Blood vessels, nerves
79
What layer are the crypts and villi in in the intestine?
Mucosa
80
What is the function of the folds in the intestine?
Increase surface area for digestion/absorption
81
What are the 2 intestinal movements?
Peristalsis and segmentation
82
What is peristalsis?
Series of involuntary wave -like muscle contractions (moves substance along tract in one direction)
83
What muscles fibres are involved in peristalsis?
Both circular and longitudinal muscle fibres
84
What is segmentation?
Mixing and churning within smaller segments to facilitate digestion
85
What is the main muscle layer used in segmentation?
Circular muscle
86
What quadrants does the jejunum lie in?
Upper and lower abdominal quadrants
87
What happens in the jejunum?
Absorption of nutrients, fat and water
88
What quadrant does the ileum mainly lie in?
Lower right quadrant
89
What occurs in the ileum?
Mainly fat and water absorption and any remaining nutrients
Passage of chyme into large intestine
90
What is the teniae coli?
Three thickened bands of smooth muscle on the large intestine
91
What is he cecum?
Large pouch for collection of food
92
What is the appendix hypothesized to be?
That is was part of the gastrointestinal immune system
93
What is the appendix a safe-house for?
Repopulating communal bacteria after GI illness
94
What is the function of the large intestine?
- Movement of food for elimination
- water and vitamin absorption
-lined with bacteria to break down any remaining nutrients (fibre)
- chyme moved through the large intestine, dehydrated, mixed with bacteria and mucus and formed into feces
95
What is haustral churning?
Haustra remained relaxed and distend as they fill up. After a certain point, the walls contract and squeeze contents into next haustrum
96
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
97
Why is the spleen called the organ of odd numbers?
Dimensions: 1x3x5 inches
Weight: 7 ounces
Protected by ribs 9-11
98
How much of your total blood volume is the spleen?
5-10 %
99
Why is the splenic artery so big?
Because of large blood volume
100
What are the functions of the spleen?
Monitor blood for any pathogens (t-cells)
Macrophages swallow and digest debris in blood (old RBC)
Hematopoiesis during development (process of blood cell formation, bone marrow takes over after maturation of long bones)
101
True/ false: the liver can repair itself
True
102
What is the main function of the liver?
Filtering
103
What are secondary functions of the liver?
Secretes bile, stores glycogen, produces lymphocytes
104
What is on the visceral surface of the liver?
-Gastric and pyloric areas
- duodenal areas
- colic area
-Renal and supravenal areas
-Gallbladder
105
True/false: the right and left lobes of the liver are functionally dependant
False ( independent)
106
What divides the right and left lobes of the liver on the diaphragmatic surface?
Falciform ligament
107
What surface is the caudate lobe on?
Visceral surface
108
What separates the left lake of liver and the caudate lobe?
Ligamentum venosum
109
What separates the right lobe and caudate lobe of the liver?
IVC
110
What surface is the quadrate lobe on?
Visceral
111
What separates the left lobe and the quadrate lobe of the liver?
Ligamentum teres (round ligament)
112
What separates the right lobe and quadrate lobe of the liver?
Gallbladder
113
True/false: blood leaving heart is always filtered
True (arteries are all filtered)
114
What are the 3 primary GI tract arteries?
- superior mesenteric artery
- inferior resenteric artery
- proper hepatic artery
115
True/false: blood from GI tract is filtered
False (veins always unfiltered)
116
What are the primary veins of the GI tract?
- Superior mesenteric vein
- interior mesenteric vein
- splenic vein carries filtered bald until IMV joins on)
- hepatic portal vein
117
True/false: double blood supply enters porta hepatis
True
118
What are the two sources of blood entering the liver?
- hepatic artery proper to supply liver itself (25%)
-hepatic portal veini from GI tract to be filtered (75%)
119
What does the portal vein entering the liver split into?
Hepatic sinusoids (capillary network)
120
True/false: hepatic sinusoids are leakiest capillary bed in the body
True
121
What blood mixes in the hepatic sinusoids?
Hepatic artery and portal vein blood
122
What do hepatic sinusoids drain into?
Central veins
123
What do central veins dump-into?
Multiple central veins dump into 1 hepatic vein→ IVC → RA
124
What is portal triad?
1. Bile duct (furthest right)
2. Branch of hepatic artery
3. Branch of hepatic portal vein (further left)
