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KNES 260 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 digestive activities?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion (involves secretion)
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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2
Q

What sensory receptors are found in the GI tract?

A

Mechanoreceptors (respond to stress)
Chemoreceptors (respond to osmolarity and pH changes, and digestive substrates and end products)

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3
Q

What reflexes do sensory receptors in he GI tract initiate?

A
  • Activate or inhibit digestive glands
    Stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move lumen contents
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4
Q

What is an example of extrinsic control?

A

Thought/smell of food

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5
Q

What is an example of intrinsic control?

A

Stretch/chemoreceptors

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6
Q

What do both intrinsic and extrinsic factors control?

A

Motility and secretion of enzymes/ hormones

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7
Q

What are short reflexes?

A

Enteric nerve plexuses (gut brain) respond to stimuli in GI tract

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8
Q

What are long reflexes?

A

Respond to stimuli inside or outside of the GI tract (autonomic (CNS) control)

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9
Q

What are the 4 digestive processes?

A

1.motility
2. Secretion
3. Absorption
4. Digestion

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10
Q

What helps increase surface area for absorption?

A

Villi and microvilli

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11
Q

How is starch (carbohydrates) digested?

A

Amylase breaks it down into maltose - maltase breaks maltose into glucose which is absorbed into blood

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12
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

Starch

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13
Q

Where is amylase from?

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

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14
Q

Where does amylase from salivary glands act?

A

Month

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15
Q

Where does amylase from the pancreas act?

A

Small intestine

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16
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion start?

A

Mouth (amylase from salivary glands)

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17
Q

Where are lactase, maltase and sucrase from and where do they act?

A

From SI wall, act in SI

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18
Q

True/false: humans have the enzyme to completely digest complex carbohydrates

A

False

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19
Q

True/false: fibre is a complex carbohydrate

A

True

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20
Q

What happens to complex carbohydrates if we can’t fully digest them?

A

Fibre moves to Li for E. coli digestion where it ferments which leads to gas production

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21
Q

How much protein per day is needed?

A

50- 60g

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22
Q

Why do we need protein?

A

They have essential amino acids

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23
Q

Where does protein digestion start?

A

Stomach (pepsin)

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24
Q

What enzymes from the pancreas act in SI on proteins?

A

-Trypsin/chymotrypsin
- carboxypepsidase
- aminopeptidase

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25
Q

Where is dipeptidase from?

A

Small intestine (acts in si)

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26
Q

Why are so many enzymes needed to break down proteins?

A

To break the bonds between the different amino acids

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27
Q

True/false: fat is non-polar

A

True

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28
Q

Truelfalse: bile is an enzyme

A

False! (Its an emulsifier)

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29
Q

What does bile do?

A

Increase surface area of fat for lipase by emulsifying

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30
Q

What enzyme aides in fat digestion?

A

Lipase

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31
Q

Where is lipase from, where does it act?

A

From pancreas, acts in SI

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32
Q

What does lipase break fat into?

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids (these can enter absorptive cells or form micelles)

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33
Q

Where does chylomicron form?

A

Within cell

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34
Q

What is chylomicron absorbed into?

A

Lymph

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35
Q

What digests nucleic acids?

A

Nucleases

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36
Q

Where is nucleases from and where does it act?

A

From para crease acts is SI, SI enzymes

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37
Q

True/false: vitamins get broken down

A

False (get absorbed full)

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38
Q

What is secreted in the mouth?

A

Mucous for lubrication, salivary amylase for starch digestion

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39
Q

What triggers the swallowing reflex?

A

Food in pharynx

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40
Q

What coordinates swallowing reflex contractions?

A

Medulla

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41
Q

What separates the esophagus and the stomach?

A

Castroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter

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42
Q

What causes heart burn?

A

Faulty gastroesophageal valve (acid refluxe)

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43
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Part of stomach moves into chest

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44
Q

What are the 4 functions of the stomach?

A
  1. storage
  2. Mixing
  3. Secretion
  4. Absorption
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45
Q

How much can your stomach expand?

A

20x (50ml → 1L)

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46
Q

What cells secrete acid?

A

Parietal

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47
Q

What cells secrete pepsin?

A

Chief cells

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48
Q

What is the role of mucous in the stomach?

A

Protect wall from acid

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49
Q

What helps in absorption of B12 in the SI?

A

Intrinsic factor

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50
Q

What is the inactive form of pepsin?

A

Pepsinogen

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51
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

HCI secreted by parietal cells

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52
Q

What can the stomach’s pt drop to?

A

2-3

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53
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A
  • Activates pepsin
  • creates down connective tissue and muscle
    -Kills pathogens
54
Q

How does the stomach wall protect itself?

A

Mucous, tight junctions, and high cell replacement

55
Q

What are the 2 things that can be absorbed through the stomach wall?

A
  • Aspirin
  • alcohol
56
Q

What does gastric do?

A

-inc HCI secretion
-Inc pepsinogen
-Inc motility

57
Q

What is gastric stimulated by?

A

Proteins, distension, smell

58
Q

What are peptic ulcers?

A

Hole caused by inflammation and necrosis caused in part by pepsin (stomach und duodenum)

59
Q

What are symptoms of peptic ulcers?

A
  • pain
    -Bleeding (hematemesis (blood in vomit), melena (blood in poop))
60
Q

How do you treat peptic ulcers?

A
  • Reduction of contributory factors
    -Antacids
  • surgery in severe cases
61
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

21 ft long (1cm diameter)

62
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

63
Q

what happens in the small intestine?

A

Digestion, secretion, absorption

64
Q

What is secreted into small intestine from the gall bladder?

A

Bile

65
Q

What is secreted into the duodenum from the pancreas?

A
  • Amylase
  • trypsin, chymotrypsin
    -Pepsidases
    -Lipase
  • nucleases
    -Bicarbonate (neutralizer)
66
Q

Where do pancreatic enzymes act?

A

Duodenum (SI)

67
Q

What is CCK?

A

Cholecystokinin

68
Q

What triggers CCK?

A

Bolus of food entering SI (in duodenum) or if fat content in SI increases

69
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Acts on pancreas and gall bladder to increase release of enzymes and bile

70
Q

What is gastric inhibition?

A

Distension of duodenum inhibits gastric emptying allowing time for digestion and absorption in SI

71
Q

True/ false: secretin is a hormone

A

True

72
Q

When is secretin released?

A

If SI is acidic

73
Q

What are the effects of secretin?

A
  • Causes pancreas to release bicarbonate (neutralizes acid)
  • increase bile formation in liver
    -Inhibits gastric motility
74
Q

What does motilin do?

A

Promotes motility in SI

75
Q

What does motilin do?

A

Promotes motility in SI

76
Q

What is absorbed in the SI?

A

-amino acids
-sugars
- fatty acids
-Carbohydrates
- fats
- proteins

77
Q

How are amino acids and sugars absorbed in SI?

A

Via carriers into villi capillaries

78
Q

How are fatty acids absorbed into the SI?

A

Via carriers into lacteals of lymph vessels then into blood

79
Q

How are carbohydrates absorbed into the SI?

A

Quickly absorbed in first half of jejunum (2-3 hrs to empty stomach)

80
Q

How are fats and proteins absorbed into the SI?

A

Slower to digest (8-10 hrs to empty stomach)

81
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed in the SI?

A

With micelles

82
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed in the SI?

A

By carriers

83
Q

Where does electrolyte and water absorption occur?

A
  • Along length of SI
84
Q

Where does iron and calcium get absorbed?

A

In duodenum

85
Q

What is Na absorption coupled with?

A

Glucose and amino acids

86
Q

What is Ca absorption regulated by?

A

By vitamin d and parathyroid hormone

87
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Type of inflammatory bowel disease in SI (can go into remission, genetic pre-disposition)

88
Q

What are symptoms of Crohn’s disease?

A
  • Anorexia
    -Flatulence
    -Pain
    -diarrhea and constipation
89
Q

What are some supportive treatments for Crohn’s disease?

A
  • Low-residue diet (food, that will be absorbed in SI)
    -Medications
  • surgery
90
Q

What type of movement occurs in the large intestine?

A

Haustral contractions (slow movements)

91
Q

What is reabsorbed in the LI?

A

Na, water

92
Q

True/false: fibre is partially digested by E. coli in the large intestine

A

True

93
Q

What is the defecation reflex?

A
  • distention of rectum
  • parasympathetic response (relaxes sphincters, contracts rectal walls)
  • can over-ride with higher brain centres
94
Q

How much food/drink is secreted daily?

A

2L

95
Q

How much saliva is secreted daily?

A

1.5 L

96
Q

How much is secreted into the stomach daily?

A

2L

97
Q

How much bile is secreted daily?

A

0.5L

98
Q

How much pancreatic juice is secreted daily?

A

1.5L

99
Q

What is the daily intestinal secretions (SI)?

A

1.5 L

100
Q

How much is absorbed daily in the SI?

A

8.5L

101
Q

How much is absorbed daily in the LI?

A

400 0ml/day

102
Q

How much feces is excreted daily?

A

100ml

103
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Varicose reins in rectum

104
Q

What causes hemorrhoids?

A
  • pressure in anal area
  • Constipation
    -Prolonged standing
  • pregnancy and childbirth
105
Q

How do you prevent hemorrhoids?

A
  • Good bowel habits (fluids, fibre)
    -Exercise
  • avoid laxatives
106
Q

How do you treat hemorrhoids?

A

Medications
Warm sits baths
Manual reduction
Cryosurgery
Hemorrhoidectomy

107
Q

True/false: the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine function

A

True

108
Q

What do duct cells secrete?

A

Bicarbonate

109
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A

Enzymes

110
Q

What do endocrine cells secrete?

A

Insulin/glucagon

111
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of pancreas

112
Q

What are symptoms of pancreatitis?

A
  • pain radiating to back
    -nausea/vomiting
  • foul feces
  • necrosis, bleeding
113
Q

What causes pancreatitis?

A
  • Alcohol
  • female over 40
114
Q

What are hepatocytes arranged in?

A

Sinusoid s

115
Q

Name functions of the liver not related to digestion:

A

-Metabolic processing of the major nutrients
- detoxifying or degrading body wastes and hormones, drugs, and other foreign compounds
- synthesize plasma proteins
- stores glycogen, fats, iron, copper, vitamins
-Makes clotting factors
-Activates vitamin D
- removes bacteria and work-out red blood cells
- excretes cholesterol and bilirubin

116
Q

How much bile is produced a day?

A

900ml

117
Q

True/false: formation of bile is cholesterol based

A

True

118
Q

What gives bill its yellow colour?

A

Bilirubin (porphyrin rings form hb)

119
Q

What is bile made up of?

A

-Bilirubin
-Cholesterol
- lecithin
- bile salts (important in fat digestion, derived from cholesterol)
-Water

120
Q

True/false: bile salts are recycled

A

True

121
Q

True/false: gall bladder contracts with CCK

A

True

122
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of liver

123
Q

What causes hepatitis?

A
  • Chemical actions of drugs
    -Toxic substances
  • chronic alcoholism
  • group of viruses
124
Q

What are symptoms of hepatitis

A

-Jaundice and liver enlargement
- myalgia and abdominal pain
- clay or light colored stools
- date colored urine
-Malaise
-anorexia
-Fever
-Ascites

125
Q

Hepatitis prevention:

A
  • Good hygiene
    -Vaccination
  • special cure when handling needles and body fluids
126
Q

Hepatitis treatment:

A
  • Rest
  • good nutrition
    -Anti-virals
    -Transplant
127
Q

What are the 5 types of viral hepatitis?

A

A,B,C, D, E

128
Q

What is hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis)?

A
  • Benign
  • incubates for 2-6 weeks
  • oral-fecal spread
  • contaminated food
129
Q

What is hepatitis b?

A

Serum hepatitis
- can lead to chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis
- spread by blood, urge, feces, saliva, semen (incubates 2-6 months)

130
Q

What is hepatitis c?

A
  • Spread by blood or sexual contact
  • persists for months or years (can lead to cirrhosis, may require transplant)
131
Q

What is hepatitis D?

A
  • Delta virus (needs hepatitis b to replicate, spreads like hepatitis b)
  • leads to chronic disease
132
Q

What is hepatitis e?

A
  • uncommon in N.A
  • oral-fecal spread (often water contamination)

KNES 260 (9 decks)

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