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Endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of Insulin

A

Causes glucose to move into cell (when blood glucose high)

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2
Q

Main function of glucagon

A

Released if blood glucose low
Glucogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketogenesis

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system include?

A

-Hypothalamus
- pituitary
-thyroid
- parathyroid
-adrenals
-Pancreas
-Ovaries and testes

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4
Q

Where are hormones made?

A

Glands or cells

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5
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

In blood

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6
Q

What do hormones activate?

A

Activates physiological response

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7
Q

What do hormones control?

A

-Enzymatic reactions
- Transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
- gene expression and protein synthesis

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8
Q

When do hormones exert effects?

A

At very low concentrations

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9
Q

What do hormones bind to?

A

Target receptor cells

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10
Q

What does the half life of a hormone indicate?

A

Length of activity

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11
Q

What systems/things are under hormonal control?

A
  • water balance and blood volume
  • metabolism
  • energy balance and appetite
  • Digestion, circulation
  • growth and development
    -Reproduction
  • RBC production
  • stress management
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12
Q

What do tropic hormones do?

A

Act on other endocrine glands, which triggers release of other hormones

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13
Q

What do non-tropic hormones do?

A

Act on effector organs?

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14
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete hormones (are ductless)

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15
Q

What do neuro-secretary cells secrete?

A

Neuro-hormones (or neuro-peptides)

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16
Q

Peptides hormones

A

Protein

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17
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

Amine hormones

A

T tryptophan or tyrosine (amino acids)

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19
Q

Describe a preprohormone

A

Large, inactive

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20
Q

Describe a prohormone

A

Post-translational modification

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21
Q

Explain the peptide hormone-receptor complex

A

Hormone binds - enzyme activator, or opens channels, or 2nd messenger systems

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22
Q

Name some features of peptide hormones

A
  • hydrophilic (water soluble)
  • quick acting, short half-life
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23
Q

Can hormones leave the blood and enter a cell freely?

A

No, they are hydrophilic and must use a membrane receptor to enter a cell

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24
Q

None sone examples of peptide hormones?

A
  • Insulin
    -Glucagon
  • Calcitonin
  • parathyroid H.
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25
Name some features of steroid hormones
- Cholesterol derived - cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly) - slower acting, longer half life
26
Are steroid hormones lipophilic or hydrophilic?
Lipophilic - they can enter a target cell - must travel in blood bound to a protein
27
Name some features of Amine hormones:
- Ring structure - derived from either tryptophan or tyrosine
28
Name some catecholamines
-epinephrine - norepinephrine - dopamine
29
What do catecholamines behave similar to?
Peptides
30
What do thyroid hormones behave similar to?
Steroids
31
What factors do blood hormone levels depend on?
- rate of hormone secretion - rate of hormone degradation - rate of hormone excretion (kidneys)
32
What is synergism?
Multiple stimuli --more than additive (Glucagon,cortisol, epi)
33
What is permissiveness?
Needs a 2nd hormorneto get full expression (TH and epinephrine)
34
What is antagonism?
Pairs of hormones with opposing effects (Glugscon opposes insulin)
35
Give an example of permissiveness
TH increases the effect of epinephrine) but epinephrine does not necessarily increase the effect of TH (one-sided effect)
36
How are hormone levels self regulated?
Negative feedback loop
37
How does negative feedback turn off hormone response?
Homeostatically
38
What are the 3 levels of endocrine control?
1. Hypothalamic (from CNS) 2. Pituitary stimulation (hypothalamic trophic hormones) 3. Endocrine gland stimulation (pituitary trophic hormones)
39
What are sone other factors that affect endocrine secretion?
- Emotional state -Disease - stress - Diet, sleep - body cycles (circadiar rhythm, menstrual cycle)
40
What causes endocrine dysfunction?
Abnormal plasma concentrations of a hormone
41
What is hyposecretion?
Too little hormone is secreted
42
What is hypersecretion?
Too much hor more secreted
43
What is primary hyposecretion?
Too little hormone secreted due to gland abnormality
44
What causes primary hyposecretion?
-Genetic (type 1 diabetes) -dietary (iodine, TH) - chemical or toxic - immunologic / auto immune (hashimoto’s) - diseases/cancer
45
What is secondary hyposecretion?
Gland is normal but too little hormone is secreted due to decreased tropic hormone
46
What does the hypothalamus control?
The anterior pituitary
47
TRH's effet on ant. Pituitary
Stimulâtes release of TSH
48
CRH’s effet on ant. Pituitary
Stimulâtes release of ACTH
49
GnRH’s effet on ant. Pituitary
Stimulates release of FSH and LH
50
GHIH's effect on ant. Pituitary
Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
51
GHRH's effect on ant. Pituitary
Stimulates release of growth hormone
52
PRH's effect on ant. Pituitary
Stimulates release of prolactin
53
PIH’s Effect on ant. pituitary
Inhibits release of prolactin
54
What is the function of the posterior pituitary?
Stores hormones made in hypothalamus, which are released when neuron is excited
55
What are the 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary?
ADH, oxytocin
56
What does oxytocin do?
-Stimulates uterine contraction in childbirth - promotes Mille ejection during lactation
57
What does ADH do?
- increase water reabsorption in kidney - decreases urinary output (released if blood volume low or blood osmolarity high)
58
What is diabetes insipidus?
Low ADH - excessive polyuria -hypotension -Dizziness - constipation Treatment : - vasopression replacement
59
What is ADH alto known as?
Vasopressin
60
How many hormones does the ant. pituitary secrete?
6 peptide hormones
61
How many anterior pituitary hormones are tropic?
5
62
What are the 2 gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary?
FSH, LH
63
What does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) do?
Promotes egg and sperm production
64
What does LH (luteinizing hormone) do?
-Estrogen and testosterone secretion from gonads (acts with FSH) -Ovulation
65
What does TSH (thyroid- secreting hormore) do?
Acts on thyroid to promote TH secretion
66
What does ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormore) do?
Acts one adrenal cortexs todf promote cortisol secretion
67
Is prolactin tropic or non-tropic?
Non-tropic
68
What does prolactin do?
Acts on mammary glands -Breast development - Milk production
69
What is the tropic effect of GH (growth harmore)?
Causes liver to release IGF’s (insulin like growth factor) - somatomedins
70
What are the non-tropic effect of GH?
Stimulates protein synthesis and cell division -Increased muscle - lengthening and thickening of bones
71
What are metabolic effects of GH?
- Increased fatty acids in blood (breakdown of fat stored in adipose tissue) - increased blood glucose (decreased glucose uptake by muscles)
72
What other factors (other than GH) effect growth?
- Genetics -adequate diet and sleep - freedom from chronic disease and stress - normal levels of growth have influencing hormones (TH, insulin, epinephrine, androgen
73
What controls fetal growth?
Homornes from placenta (no GH)
74
What controls postnatal and pubertal growth spurt?
GH
75
What is dwarfism?
GH hyposecretion (proportional growth)
76
What is gigantism?
Hypersecretion of GH before growth plates close (lengthening of the bone)
77
What is acromegaly?
Hyper secretion of GH after growth plates close (thickening of bone)
78
What does the pineal gland do?
Secretes melatonin
79
What does melatonin do?
Influences body clock and antioxidant activity

KNES 260 (9 decks)

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