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KNES 260 > Endocrine 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of Insulin

A

Causes glucose to move into cell (when blood glucose high)

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2
Q

Main function of glucagon

A

Released if blood glucose low
Glucogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketogenesis

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system include?

A

-Hypothalamus
- pituitary
-thyroid
- parathyroid
-adrenals
-Pancreas
-Ovaries and testes

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4
Q

Where are hormones made?

A

Glands or cells

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5
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

In blood

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6
Q

What do hormones activate?

A

Activates physiological response

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7
Q

What do hormones control?

A

-Enzymatic reactions
- Transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
- gene expression and protein synthesis

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8
Q

When do hormones exert effects?

A

At very low concentrations

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9
Q

What do hormones bind to?

A

Target receptor cells

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10
Q

What does the half life of a hormone indicate?

A

Length of activity

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11
Q

What systems/things are under hormonal control?

A
  • water balance and blood volume
  • metabolism
  • energy balance and appetite
  • Digestion, circulation
  • growth and development
    -Reproduction
  • RBC production
  • stress management
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12
Q

What do tropic hormones do?

A

Act on other endocrine glands, which triggers release of other hormones

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13
Q

What do non-tropic hormones do?

A

Act on effector organs?

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14
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete hormones (are ductless)

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15
Q

What do neuro-secretary cells secrete?

A

Neuro-hormones (or neuro-peptides)

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16
Q

Peptides hormones

A

Protein

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17
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

Amine hormones

A

T tryptophan or tyrosine (amino acids)

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19
Q

Describe a preprohormone

A

Large, inactive

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20
Q

Describe a prohormone

A

Post-translational modification

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21
Q

Explain the peptide hormone-receptor complex

A

Hormone binds - enzyme activator, or opens channels, or 2nd messenger systems

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22
Q

Name some features of peptide hormones

A
  • hydrophilic (water soluble)
  • quick acting, short half-life
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23
Q

Can hormones leave the blood and enter a cell freely?

A

No, they are hydrophilic and must use a membrane receptor to enter a cell

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24
Q

None sone examples of peptide hormones?

A
  • Insulin
    -Glucagon
  • Calcitonin
  • parathyroid H.
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25
Q

Name some features of steroid hormones

A
  • Cholesterol derived
  • cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly)
  • slower acting, longer half life
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26
Q

Are steroid hormones lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

Lipophilic
- they can enter a target cell
- must travel in blood bound to a protein

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27
Q

Name some features of Amine hormones:

A
  • Ring structure
  • derived from either tryptophan or tyrosine
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28
Q

Name some catecholamines

A

-epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine

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29
Q

What do catecholamines behave similar to?

A

Peptides

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30
Q

What do thyroid hormones behave similar to?

A

Steroids

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31
Q

What factors do blood hormone levels depend on?

A
  • rate of hormone secretion
  • rate of hormone degradation
  • rate of hormone excretion (kidneys)
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32
Q

What is synergism?

A

Multiple stimuli –more than additive
(Glucagon,cortisol, epi)

33
Q

What is permissiveness?

A

Needs a 2nd hormorneto get full expression
(TH and epinephrine)

34
Q

What is antagonism?

A

Pairs of hormones with opposing effects
(Glugscon opposes insulin)

35
Q

Give an example of permissiveness

A

TH increases the effect of epinephrine) but epinephrine does not necessarily increase the effect of TH (one-sided effect)

36
Q

How are hormone levels self regulated?

A

Negative feedback loop

37
Q

How does negative feedback turn off hormone response?

A

Homeostatically

38
Q

What are the 3 levels of endocrine control?

A
  1. Hypothalamic (from CNS)
  2. Pituitary stimulation (hypothalamic trophic hormones)
  3. Endocrine gland stimulation (pituitary trophic hormones)
39
Q

What are sone other factors that affect endocrine secretion?

A
  • Emotional state
    -Disease
  • stress
  • Diet, sleep
  • body cycles (circadiar rhythm, menstrual cycle)
40
Q

What causes endocrine dysfunction?

A

Abnormal plasma concentrations of a hormone

41
Q

What is hyposecretion?

A

Too little hormone is secreted

42
Q

What is hypersecretion?

A

Too much hor more secreted

43
Q

What is primary hyposecretion?

A

Too little hormone secreted due to gland abnormality

44
Q

What causes primary hyposecretion?

A

-Genetic (type 1 diabetes)
-dietary (iodine, TH)
- chemical or toxic
- immunologic / auto immune (hashimoto’s)
- diseases/cancer

45
Q

What is secondary hyposecretion?

A

Gland is normal but too little hormone is secreted due to decreased tropic hormone

46
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

The anterior pituitary

47
Q

TRH’s effet on ant. Pituitary

A

Stimulâtes release of TSH

48
Q

CRH’s effet on ant. Pituitary

A

Stimulâtes release of ACTH

49
Q

GnRH’s effet on ant. Pituitary

A

Stimulates release of FSH and LH

50
Q

GHIH’s effect on ant. Pituitary

A

Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH

51
Q

GHRH’s effect on ant. Pituitary

A

Stimulates release of growth hormone

52
Q

PRH’s effect on ant. Pituitary

A

Stimulates release of prolactin

53
Q

PIH’s Effect on ant. pituitary

A

Inhibits release of prolactin

54
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

Stores hormones made in hypothalamus, which are released when neuron is excited

55
Q

What are the 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH, oxytocin

56
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

-Stimulates uterine contraction in childbirth
- promotes Mille ejection during lactation

57
Q

What does ADH do?

A
  • increase water reabsorption in kidney
  • decreases urinary output (released if blood volume low or blood osmolarity high)
58
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Low ADH
- excessive polyuria
-hypotension
-Dizziness
- constipation

Treatment :
- vasopression replacement

59
Q

What is ADH alto known as?

A

Vasopressin

60
Q

How many hormones does the ant. pituitary secrete?

A

6 peptide hormones

61
Q

How many anterior pituitary hormones are tropic?

A

5

62
Q

What are the 2 gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH, LH

63
Q

What does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) do?

A

Promotes egg and sperm production

64
Q

What does LH (luteinizing hormone) do?

A

-Estrogen and testosterone secretion from gonads (acts with FSH)
-Ovulation

65
Q

What does TSH (thyroid- secreting hormore) do?

A

Acts on thyroid to promote TH secretion

66
Q

What does ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormore) do?

A

Acts one adrenal cortexs todf promote cortisol secretion

67
Q

Is prolactin tropic or non-tropic?

A

Non-tropic

68
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Acts on mammary glands
-Breast development
- Milk production

69
Q

What is the tropic effect of GH (growth harmore)?

A

Causes liver to release IGF’s (insulin like growth factor)
- somatomedins

70
Q

What are the non-tropic effect of GH?

A

Stimulates protein synthesis and cell division
-Increased muscle
- lengthening and thickening of bones

71
Q

What are metabolic effects of GH?

A
  • Increased fatty acids in blood (breakdown of fat stored in adipose tissue)
  • increased blood glucose (decreased glucose uptake by muscles)
72
Q

What other factors (other than GH) effect growth?

A
  • Genetics
    -adequate diet and sleep
  • freedom from chronic disease and stress
  • normal levels of growth have influencing hormones (TH, insulin, epinephrine, androgen
73
Q

What controls fetal growth?

A

Homornes from placenta (no GH)

74
Q

What controls postnatal and pubertal growth spurt?

A

GH

75
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

GH hyposecretion (proportional growth)

76
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Hypersecretion of GH before growth plates close (lengthening of the bone)

77
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Hyper secretion of GH after growth plates close (thickening of bone)

78
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Secretes melatonin

79
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Influences body clock and antioxidant activity

KNES 260 (9 decks)

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