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KNES 260 > Endorine 2 > Flashcards

Endorine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest pure endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid gland

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2
Q

What is the thyroid gland made of?

A

Follicles and areolar connective tissue

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3
Q

What two hormones does the thyroid produce?

A

Thyroid hormone, calcitonin

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4
Q

What does TH synthesis require?

A

Iodine

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5
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A

Increases metabolism
- increases heat

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6
Q

What are other names for thyroid hormone?

A

Thyroxine, T3, T4

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7
Q

What is a primary cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Tumor of the thyroid gland

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8
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

-Tachycardia
- nervousness
- hyperactivity
-Weight/hunger
-Hot
-Exophthalmus

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9
Q

What is exophthalmus?

A

Bulgy eyes

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10
Q

What is grave’s disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism, autoimmune condition

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11
Q

What is a dietary cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Low iodine

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12
Q

What is a secondary cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Low TSH

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13
Q

Can hypothyroidism be auto-immune?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Cold and lethargic
    -Weight gain
  • brittle hair and nails
    -Mental sluggishness
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15
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Low TH in first 2 years of life
- severe mental impairment
- low muscle tone
- sleepiness

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16
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Enlargement of thyroid (hyper or hypothyroidism)
- low iodine or tumour

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17
Q

What secretes calcitonin?

A

Thyroid gland

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18
Q

When is calcitonin released?

A

When blood calcium is high

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19
Q

How does calcitonin decrease blood calcium levels?

A

-Gut: decreases Ca absorption
- kidney: increases Ca excretion
- bones: increase Ca absorption

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20
Q

How is vitamin D activated?

A

By PTH (stimulates Ca and PO4absorption from intestine)
- can also be synthesized from cholesterol derivative when exposed to sunlight (via liver and kidney)

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21
Q

What is vitamin d deficiency in kids called?

A

Rickets

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22
Q

What is vitamin d deficiency in adults called?

A

Osteomalacia

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23
Q

What does vitamin d deficiency cause?

A
  • decalcification of the bone (softening)
  • muscle weakness
  • weight loss, bone pain
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24
Q

What does PTH oppose?

A

Calcitonin

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25
Q

When is PTH released?

A

If blood calcium is low

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26
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Increases blood calcium levels
-Gut: increases Ca absorption
- kidney: decreases Ca excretion
- bones: Ca released

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27
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Hyperparathyroidism
- kidney stones
-bone weakness
-Hyperactivity of heart

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28
Q

What does hypoparathyroidism cause?

A

Low blood calcium
-irritability of muscles
-Uncontrolled contractions in face and hands

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29
Q

What adrenal hormone coves from the medulla?

A

Epinephrine

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30
Q

Is epinephrine from he medulla a short or long sympathetic effect?

A

Long

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31
Q

What effects does epinephrine have?

A
  • increased HR
  • increased breathing
  • increased metabolism
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32
Q

What adrenal hormones come from the cortex?

A
  • Steroids
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
    -Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
    -Androgens
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33
Q

When is aldosterone released?

A

If blood volume or Na is low (or k high)

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34
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Speeds up Na/K pump
- increases Na reabsorption
- increases water reabsorption (plays a role in blood pressure control, RAAS)

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35
Q

What do androgens do?

A

Secrete both male and female sex hormones
(males: estrogen, females: testosterone)

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36
Q

In which sex is DHEA physiologically significant?

A

Females
- pubic and axillary hair
- pubertal growth spurt
- female sex drive

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37
Q

Why is estrogen important in men?

A

For bone health /cholesterol levels

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38
Q

What does low estrogen lead to in men?

A

Increased belly fat
Poor bone health

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39
Q

What does high estrogen contribute to in men?

A

Breast development
Erectile dysfunction
Infertility

40
Q

What does low estrogen contribute to in women?

A

Fatigue
Loss of sex drive
Loss of muscle
Mood changes

41
Q

What does high testosterone contribute to in women?

A

Development of male characteristics

42
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

Glucocorticoid

43
Q

How does cortisol play a role in glucose balance?

A

To increase blood glucose:
- stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis (make more sugar)
- inhibits glucose uptake by cells
Stimulates protein break-down in muscle
Facilitates lipolysis

44
Q

Why is cortisol considered the stress hormone?

A

Plays a key role in adaptation to stress (also why you crave sugar when stressed)

45
Q

How does cortisol effect the immune system?

A

Immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory

46
Q

What are the 3 phases of the stress response?

A
  1. Alarm phase (fight/flight)
  2. Resistance phase (cortisol response)
  3. Exhaustion phase (abnormal body function, organ system failure)
47
Q

What is the first response to stress?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

48
Q

Which response to stress takes langer, adrenal or sympathetic?

A

Adrenal

49
Q

What is released during the alarm phase of the stress response?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone produced in the adrenal medulla)

50
Q

What hormones are involved in the resistance reaction stage of the stress response?

A

Cortisol (thyroid hormone and hgh are also involved)

51
Q

What are the effects of the alarm phase of the stress response?

A

Increased HR, breathing, BP

52
Q

What are the effects of the resistance reaction phase of the stress response?

A

Higher blood sugar and blood fatty acids → stress adaptation

53
Q

What is hyperadrenalism?

A

Increased adrenal cortex hormones

54
Q

What is conn’s syndrome?

A

Increased aldosterone → increased blood pressure

55
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Increased cortisol

56
Q

What are some symptom’s of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

-Hyperglycemia
-Hyperlipidemia
- poor immune function
- weight gain
- Sweating

57
Q

What is addison’s disease?

A

Decreased adrenal hormones

58
Q

List some symptoms of addison’s disease

A
  • Weight loss
  • nausea
  • muscle weakness
    -Low BP
59
Q

What is androgenital syndrome?

A

Changes in sex hormones

60
Q

What are symptoms of androgenital syndrome adult females?

A
  • Hirsutism (hair)
  • deep voice, high muscle tone
  • smaller breasts
    -menstruation may cease
61
Q

List symptoms of androgenital syndrome in newborn females:

A

May have male-type external genitalia

62
Q

List symptoms of androgenital syndrome in prepubertal males:

A

Precocious pseudopuberty (early puberty)

63
Q

Are androgenital syndrome symptoms seen in adult males?

A

No

64
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

Tumor of the adrenal medulla

65
Q

What does pheochromocytoma cause?

A

Increased epinephrine and norepinephrine

66
Q

List systems of pheochromocytoma:

A

-Palpitations
- increased BP
-Rapid HR
- weight loss

67
Q

What type of cells make up the pancreas?

A

Exocrine, endocrine

68
Q

Are acinar cells exocrine or endocrine cells?

A

Exocrine

69
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes

70
Q

What make up pancreatic islets?

A

Islets of langerhans

71
Q

What do alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

72
Q

What do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

73
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

74
Q

What does somatostatin inhibit?

A

Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

75
Q

What type of the cells make up majority of the pancreas? The least?

A

Beta cells (80%), delta (5%), alpha (15%)

76
Q

When is insulin released?

A

When blood glucose high

77
Q

What does insulin cause?

A

Causes glucose to move into cells (causes glycogen formation)

78
Q

What else does insulin promote cellular uptake of?

A
  • fatty acids
  • amino acids
  • increase synthesis of triglycerides and proteins
79
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

If blood glucose is low

80
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose?

A

-Gluconeogenesis
- glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen)
- ketogenesis

81
Q

What is the main controller of the absorptive state (3-4 hrs after eating)?

A

Insulin (move nutrients into cells and storage)

82
Q

What is the main controller of the post-absorptive state (4+ hours after eating)?

A

Glucagon is main controller (moves nutrients out of storage and cells)
- while sleeping

83
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Insulin hyposecretion→ high blood glucose → high glucose in urine (exceeds renal max causing high urine volume)

84
Q

List the symptoms of diabetes mellitus:

A
  • Frequent urination
    -Thirst
    -Hunger
85
Q

What is type l diabetes mellitus?

A

Low insulin- auto immune disorder

86
Q

What is type II diabetes mellitus?

A

Low insulin response → decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin (wearing out of islets of langerhans)

87
Q

What is early type II diabetes?

A

Poor response to insulin (insulin levels are high)

88
Q

How do you treat early type II diabetes?

A

Diet control and exercise to desensitize to insulin (insulin injections would desensitize even more)

89
Q

What is late type II diabetes?

A

Beta cells dissfunctional and insulin levels drop (insulin injections required)

90
Q

List the complications of diabetes mellitus:

A
  • Long term tissue damage
    -atherosclerosis
    -Diabetic retinopathy
  • kidney damage
  • neuropathies
  • heart disease
91
Q

What type of hormones are reproductive hormones?

A

Gonads

92
Q

Name the reproductive hormones

A

Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone

93
Q

What does testosterone control?

A
  • Sperm production (motility/number)
  • secondary sex characteristics (sex drive, hair growth, muscle maintenance)
94
Q

What ave estrogen and progesterone affected by?

A

FSH and LH

95
Q

What do estrogen and progesterone play a part in?

A

Cyclic (menstrual) cycle

96
Q

List the effects of estrogen:

A
  • Menstrual cycle
  • increased fat
  • increased water
    -Breasts
  • bone deposition
    -Mucous

KNES 260 (9 decks)

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