Endorine 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the largest pure endocrine gland?
A
Thyroid gland
2
Q
What is the thyroid gland made of?
A
Follicles and areolar connective tissue
3
Q
What two hormones does the thyroid produce?
A
Thyroid hormone, calcitonin
4
Q
What does TH synthesis require?
A
Iodine
5
Q
What does thyroid hormone do?
A
Increases metabolism
- increases heat
6
Q
What are other names for thyroid hormone?
A
Thyroxine, T3, T4
7
Q
What is a primary cause of hyperthyroidism?
A
Tumor of the thyroid gland
8
Q
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
A
-Tachycardia
- nervousness
- hyperactivity
-Weight/hunger
-Hot
-Exophthalmus
9
Q
What is exophthalmus?
A
Bulgy eyes
10
Q
What is grave’s disease?
A
Hyperthyroidism, autoimmune condition
11
Q
What is a dietary cause of hypothyroidism?
A
Low iodine
12
Q
What is a secondary cause of hypothyroidism?
A
Low TSH
13
Q
Can hypothyroidism be auto-immune?
A
Yes
14
Q
What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?
A
- Cold and lethargic
-Weight gain - brittle hair and nails
-Mental sluggishness
15
Q
What is cretinism?
A
Low TH in first 2 years of life
- severe mental impairment
- low muscle tone
- sleepiness
16
Q
What is a goiter?
A
Enlargement of thyroid (hyper or hypothyroidism)
- low iodine or tumour
17
Q
What secretes calcitonin?
A
Thyroid gland
18
Q
When is calcitonin released?
A
When blood calcium is high
19
Q
How does calcitonin decrease blood calcium levels?
A
-Gut: decreases Ca absorption
- kidney: increases Ca excretion
- bones: increase Ca absorption
20
Q
How is vitamin D activated?
A
By PTH (stimulates Ca and PO4absorption from intestine)
- can also be synthesized from cholesterol derivative when exposed to sunlight (via liver and kidney)
21
Q
What is vitamin d deficiency in kids called?
A
Rickets
22
Q
What is vitamin d deficiency in adults called?
A
Osteomalacia
23
Q
What does vitamin d deficiency cause?
A
- decalcification of the bone (softening)
- muscle weakness
- weight loss, bone pain
24
Q
What does PTH oppose?
A
Calcitonin
25
When is PTH released?
If blood calcium is low
26
What does PTH do?
Increases blood calcium levels
-Gut: increases Ca absorption
- kidney: decreases Ca excretion
- bones: Ca released
27
What is hypercalcemia?
Hyperparathyroidism
- kidney stones
-bone weakness
-Hyperactivity of heart
28
What does hypoparathyroidism cause?
Low blood calcium
-irritability of muscles
-Uncontrolled contractions in face and hands
29
What adrenal hormone coves from the medulla?
Epinephrine
30
Is epinephrine from he medulla a short or long sympathetic effect?
Long
31
What effects does epinephrine have?
- increased HR
- increased breathing
- increased metabolism
32
What adrenal hormones come from the cortex?
- Steroids
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
-Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
-Androgens
33
When is aldosterone released?
If blood volume or Na is low (or k high)
34
What does aldosterone do?
Speeds up Na/K pump
- increases Na reabsorption
- increases water reabsorption (plays a role in blood pressure control, RAAS)
35
What do androgens do?
Secrete both male and female sex hormones
(males: estrogen, females: testosterone)
36
In which sex is DHEA physiologically significant?
Females
- pubic and axillary hair
- pubertal growth spurt
- female sex drive
37
Why is estrogen important in men?
For bone health /cholesterol levels
38
What does low estrogen lead to in men?
Increased belly fat
Poor bone health
39
What does high estrogen contribute to in men?
Breast development
Erectile dysfunction
Infertility
40
What does low estrogen contribute to in women?
Fatigue
Loss of sex drive
Loss of muscle
Mood changes
41
What does high testosterone contribute to in women?
Development of male characteristics
42
What type of hormone is cortisol?
Glucocorticoid
43
How does cortisol play a role in glucose balance?
To increase blood glucose:
- stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis (make more sugar)
- inhibits glucose uptake by cells
Stimulates protein break-down in muscle
Facilitates lipolysis
44
Why is cortisol considered the stress hormone?
Plays a key role in adaptation to stress (also why you crave sugar when stressed)
45
How does cortisol effect the immune system?
Immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory
46
What are the 3 phases of the stress response?
1. Alarm phase (fight/flight)
2. Resistance phase (cortisol response)
3. Exhaustion phase (abnormal body function, organ system failure)
47
What is the first response to stress?
Sympathetic nervous system
48
Which response to stress takes langer, adrenal or sympathetic?
Adrenal
49
What is released during the alarm phase of the stress response?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone produced in the adrenal medulla)
50
What hormones are involved in the resistance reaction stage of the stress response?
Cortisol (thyroid hormone and hgh are also involved)
51
What are the effects of the alarm phase of the stress response?
Increased HR, breathing, BP
52
What are the effects of the resistance reaction phase of the stress response?
Higher blood sugar and blood fatty acids → stress adaptation
53
What is hyperadrenalism?
Increased adrenal cortex hormones
54
What is conn's syndrome?
Increased aldosterone → increased blood pressure
55
What is Cushing's syndrome?
Increased cortisol
56
What are some symptom's of Cushing's syndrome?
-Hyperglycemia
-Hyperlipidemia
- poor immune function
- weight gain
- Sweating
57
What is addison's disease?
Decreased adrenal hormones
58
List some symptoms of addison's disease
- Weight loss
- nausea
- muscle weakness
-Low BP
59
What is androgenital syndrome?
Changes in sex hormones
60
What are symptoms of androgenital syndrome adult females?
- Hirsutism (hair)
- deep voice, high muscle tone
- smaller breasts
-menstruation may cease
61
List symptoms of androgenital syndrome in newborn females:
May have male-type external genitalia
62
List symptoms of androgenital syndrome in prepubertal males:
Precocious pseudopuberty (early puberty)
63
Are androgenital syndrome symptoms seen in adult males?
No
64
What is pheochromocytoma?
Tumor of the adrenal medulla
65
What does pheochromocytoma cause?
Increased epinephrine and norepinephrine
66
List systems of pheochromocytoma:
-Palpitations
- increased BP
-Rapid HR
- weight loss
67
What type of cells make up the pancreas?
Exocrine, endocrine
68
Are acinar cells exocrine or endocrine cells?
Exocrine
69
What do acinar cells secrete?
Digestive enzymes
70
What make up pancreatic islets?
Islets of langerhans
71
What do alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
72
What do beta cells produce?
Insulin
73
What do delta cells secrete?
Somatostatin
74
What does somatostatin inhibit?
Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
75
What type of the cells make up majority of the pancreas? The least?
Beta cells (80%), delta (5%), alpha (15%)
76
When is insulin released?
When blood glucose high
77
What does insulin cause?
Causes glucose to move into cells (causes glycogen formation)
78
What else does insulin promote cellular uptake of?
- fatty acids
- amino acids
- increase synthesis of triglycerides and proteins
79
When is glucagon released?
If blood glucose is low
80
How does glucagon increase blood glucose?
-Gluconeogenesis
- glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen)
- ketogenesis
81
What is the main controller of the absorptive state (3-4 hrs after eating)?
Insulin (move nutrients into cells and storage)
82
What is the main controller of the post-absorptive state (4+ hours after eating)?
Glucagon is main controller (moves nutrients out of storage and cells)
- while sleeping
83
What is diabetes mellitus?
Insulin hyposecretion→ high blood glucose → high glucose in urine (exceeds renal max causing high urine volume)
84
List the symptoms of diabetes mellitus:
- Frequent urination
-Thirst
-Hunger
85
What is type l diabetes mellitus?
Low insulin- auto immune disorder
86
What is type II diabetes mellitus?
Low insulin response → decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin (wearing out of islets of langerhans)
87
What is early type II diabetes?
Poor response to insulin (insulin levels are high)
88
How do you treat early type II diabetes?
Diet control and exercise to desensitize to insulin (insulin injections would desensitize even more)
89
What is late type II diabetes?
Beta cells dissfunctional and insulin levels drop (insulin injections required)
90
List the complications of diabetes mellitus:
- Long term tissue damage
-atherosclerosis
-Diabetic retinopathy
- kidney damage
- neuropathies
- heart disease
91
What type of hormones are reproductive hormones?
Gonads
92
Name the reproductive hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
93
What does testosterone control?
- Sperm production (motility/number)
- secondary sex characteristics (sex drive, hair growth, muscle maintenance)
94
What ave estrogen and progesterone affected by?
FSH and LH
95
What do estrogen and progesterone play a part in?
Cyclic (menstrual) cycle
96
List the effects of estrogen:
- Menstrual cycle
- increased fat
- increased water
-Breasts
- bone deposition
-Mucous
