Gastroenterology Flashcards
What is Charcot’s triad?
RUQ pain, fever, jaundice
What is Charcot’s triad a sign of?
Ascending cholangitis
What are some underlying causes of ascending cholangitis?
Gallstones, benign biliary stricture, malignancy
What are the symptoms and signs of a perforated peptic ulcer?
Worse in the mornings, relieved by foods, pale, rigid abdomen, absent bowel sounds, hypotension
What are the signs of Gilbert’s syndrome?
Yellow sclera, high levels of unconjugated bilirubin
What are the signs of liver cirrhosis?
Vomiting blood, palmar erythema, swollen face
What is the intervention for liver cirrhosis?
Terlipressin, broad-spectrum abx as prophylaxis
What are some signs of UC?
Bloody diarrhoea, raised inflammatory markers, inflammation of rectum and distal colon
What is the management for UC?
Mesalazine suppository (topical rectal aminosalicylate)
What are the symptoms of PBC?
Pruritus, jaundice, lethargy
What is a complication of UC?
PSC - diagnose with MRCP
How do you diagnose and manage a H. pylori peptic ulcer?
Rapid urease test
Metronidazole, clarithromycin and omeprazole for 7 days (triple therapy)
What are the signs and symptoms of Crohn’s disease?
Weight loss, right-sided abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, aphthous ulcers, perinatal fistula, skin tags
Palpable mass, abdominal tenderness on right side
What are the extra-intestinal features of Crohn’s?
Clubbing, episceritis, iritis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, renal stones
What investigations can be done to diagnose Crohn’s?
Bloods: anaemia, raised CRP, raised WCC, faecal calprotectin
Colonoscopy with biopsy, then MRI small bowel
What features are seen on histology with Crohn’s?
Cobblestone, granuloma, rose thorn ulcer, strictures, fistulae, skip lesions
What is the biggest risk of a trans jugular intrahepatic portosystemic triad (TIPSS)?
Used in liver cirrhosis, shunt between portal and hepatic vein
There is less breakdown of ammonia = hepatic encephalopathy
Define hereditary haemochromatosis
Disorder of iron metabolism, iron accumulates in liver, heart, joints, pituitary, pancreas and skin
What are the features of hereditary haemochromatosis?
Grey colour skin discolouration, scans in antecubital fossa (venesection), marks on fingertips, joint swelling
What is the medicinal long-term intervention for variceal bleeds?
Propanolol - decreases portal BP
What are the features of chronic liver disease?
Spider naevi, palmar erythema, clubbing, leuconychia, Dupuytren’s contracture, xanthelasma, gynaecomastia, atrophic testes, parotid enlargement, loss of body hair, hepatomegaly
What are the risks associated with Vitamin D deficiency?
Exacerbates osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures in adults
Increased risk of cancer, AI diseases, HTN and infectious diseases
Contributes to malabsorption, CLD and CKD
What is the next step if H. pylori comes back positive?
7 day triple therapy, re-test for H. pylori after 4-8 weeks. If still positive, another course of triple therapy
What is the next step if H. pylori comes back negative?
Repeat endoscopy in 6-8 weeks, check if ulcer is healing, see if biopsy shows benign disease
If its not healed: low dose PPI, lifestyle changes, check adherence, switch to histamine-receptor antagonist
How do you investigate for pernicious anaemia?
Check for anti-IF antibodies
What are the causes of B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anaemia, chronic severe atrophic gastritis, pancreatic insufficiency, TI resection, Crohn’s disease, TB, metformin, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
What are the Hb features of B12 deficiency?
Low Hb, high MCV, high MCH, normal MCHC, large, oval shaped RBC, low B12, low folic acid, low reticulocyte, anti-IF antibodies
What is the management for B12 deficiency?
Cobalamin
What diseases can E. coli cause?
Haemolytic uraemia syndrome -> haemolytic anaemia, AKI, thrombocytopenia, fever, malaise, low platelets, bloody diarrhoea
What is the treatment for E. coli?
Largely supportive, dialysis, platelet transfusion if indicated
What are the signs of colorectal malignancy?
Anaemia -> fatigue, palpitations, angular stomatitis, conjunctival pallor, wt loss, change in bowel habit, koilonychia, glossitis, tachycardia, SOB, weakness, chest pain, dizziness
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