Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FINALS > Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some mechanical causes of dysphagia?

A 
Malignancy 
Peptic stricture 
Lung cancer 
Retrosternal goitre
Pharyngeal pouch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some motility causes of dysphagia?

A

Achlasia
Oesophageal spasm
Bulbar palsy - Parkinson’s, myasthenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some causes of benign peptic stricture?

A

GORD, surgery, radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is oesophageal achalasia?

A

Loss of coordinated peristalsis
Lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax
Dysphagia, regurgitation and weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some differentials for nausea and vomiting?

A

Pregnancy, raised ICP
Gastric stasis
Small bowel obstruction
Gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some red flags for dyspepsia?

A 
Anaemia
Loss of weight 
Anorexia
Recent/progressive 
Meleana 
Swallowing issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the treatment for H pylori?

A

PPI e.g. lansoprazole
2 x antibiotics e.g. amoxicillin and clarithromycin
Review after 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Peptic ulcers and gastrin-secreting adenoma (usually on pancreas)
Diagnose with serum gastrin level
Abdominal pain, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the types of hiatus hernia?

A
  1. Sliding - junction slides into chest

2. Rolling - bulge of stomach herniates into chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What should be done initially for a suspected upper GI bleed?

A

ABCDE
Rockall score for risk
Check for signs of liver disease
PR for meleana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are varicies?

A

Submucosal venous dilation secondary to increased portal pressures
Need endoscopic banding and B-blockade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some causes of portal hypertension?

A

Cirrhosis, schistosomiasis

Budd-chiari syndrome, right heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some causes of dysentery?

A 
Campylobacter
Shigella
E coli 
IBD
Cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What blood tests should be done for chronic diarrhoea?

A

FBC
ESR and CRP
UEs
TFTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What features of infective diarrhoea indicate need for prompt culture?

A

Fever >39
Dehydration
Blood in diarrhoea for over 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the features of clostridium difficile infection?

A

Diarrhoea with systemic upset - high CRP and WCC, low albumin
Can lead to toxic megacolon and multi-organ failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some differentiating features of ulcerative colitis?

A

Large bowel only
Continuous lesions
Non-smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some differentiating features of Crohn’s?

A 
Mouth - anus 
Skip lesions
Granulomas 
Smokers
Abscesses and fistulae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some non-bowel signs of IBD?

A 
Clubbing 
Aphthous ulcers
Erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum 
Conjunctivitis, episcleritis, iritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the treatments for ulcerative colitis?

A

Mild: 5ASA e.g. mesalazine
Moderate: prednisolone
Severe: admit, IV fluids and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the treatments for refractory IBD?

A

Immunomodulation e.g. azathioprine
Biologics e.g. infliximab

UC: subtotal colectomy and terminal ileostomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some causes of malabsorption?

A

PBC
Cystic fibrosis
Giardiadiasis
Ileal resection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for IBS?

A

Recurrent abdominal pain + 2 of:
Relief by defecation
Altered stool form
Altered stool frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the treatment for IBS?

A

Constipation: increase fluid and fibre, laxatives
Diarrhoea: avoid sweetners, caffeine, alcohol, low fibre, bulking agent
Colic/bloating: antispasmodics, probiotics, low FODMAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency

Anorexia, cachexia, gingivitis, halitosis

26
Q

What does thiamine deficiency cause?

A

Wernicke encephalopathy - confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia
Korsakoff syndrome - confabulation, lack of insight and apathy

27
Q

What is pellagra?

A

Nicotinic acid deficiency

Diarrhoea, dementia, dermatitis

28
Q

What increases the risk of pancreatic carcinoma?

A

Smoking, alcohol
DM, chronic pancreatitis
Adiposity

29
Q

What are carcinoid tumours?

A

Tumours of endochromaffin cells - neural crest cells
Capable of producing 5HT
Appendix, ileum, rectum

30
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome?

A

Bronchoconstriction
Paroxysmal flushing
Diarrhoea
CCF

31
Q

What is a carcinoid crisis?

A

Tumour outgrows blood supply
Life-threatening vasodilation, hypotension, tachycardia, bronchoconstriction and hyperglycaemia
Give high dose actreotide

32
Q

What are some causes of pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Haemolysis - malaria, DIC< hereditary

Gilbert’s

33
Q

What are some causes of hepatic jaundice?

A

Viruses, EBV
Paracetamol overdose, statins, alcohol
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Haematochromatosis, Wilson’s, Budd Chiari

34
Q

What are some causes of post-hepatic jaundice?

A

PBC, PSC
CBD stones
Pancreatic cancer

35
Q

What signifies liver failure?

A

Coagulopathy and encephalopathy

36
Q

What are some signs of liver failure?

A

Asterixis/flap
Encephalopathy
CLD signs

37
Q

What are some complications of liver failure?

A 
Cerebral oedema
Bleeding
Ascites
Infection 
Encephalopathy
38
Q

What is hepato-renal syndrome?

A

Cirrhosis + ascites + renal failure

39
Q

What are the signs of chronic liver disease?

A

Clubbing, palmar erythema, dupytren’s
Jaundice, telangiectasia
Gynaecomastia, loss of axillary hair
Bruising, hepatomegaly, distension, caput medusae

40
Q

What investigations should be done for suspected cirrhosis?

A 
LFTs, INR, WCC
Hepatitis serology, immunoglobulins, autoantibodies
USS
Ascitic tap
Biopsy
41
Q

What are some complications of cirrhosis?

A

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Portal hypertension
HCC
Liver failure

42
Q

What are some features of hepatitis A?

A

Faecal-oral spread, shellfish
IgM = recent exposure
IgG = exposure sometime in life
Usually self-limiting

43
Q

What are some features of hepatitis B?

A 
Blood and sexual spread
HBsAg = exposure
HBeAg = acute infection 
HBcAg = past infection 
Can cause cirrhosis
44
Q

What are some features of hepatitis C?

A

Blood and sexual spread
anti-HCV Ab = exposure
HCV-PCR positive = chronic infection
25% progress to cirrhosis

45
Q

What are some features of hepatitis D?

A

Needs HBV

Can cause acute liver failure

46
Q

What are some features of hepatitis E?

A

Faecal oral spread

Increased mortality in pregnancy

47
Q

What types of hepatitis can be vaccinated against?

A

A and B

48
Q

What are the different types of alcoholism?

A

Binge drinking
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol dependency

49
Q

What are some clinical features of delirium tremens?

A

Tachycardia, hypotension, confusion, fits, hallucinations

50
Q

What are the stages of primary biliary cirrhosis?

A
  1. Interlobular bile ducts damaged by autoimmune granulomatous inflammation
  2. Cholestasis
  3. Fibrosis, cirrhosis and portal hypertension
51
Q

What antibody signifies PBC?

A

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies

52
Q

What is primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Progressive cholestasis with bile duct inflammation and strictures
Leads to ascending cholangitis and cirrhosis
High IgM

53
Q

What is autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Abnormal T cell function and antibodies against hepatocyte surface antigens
Usually young women

54
Q

What antibody signifies autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Anti smooth muscle antibodies

55
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

Autosomal recessive disorder of copper excretion

Accumulates in liver then later brain

56
Q

What are the signs of Wilson’s disease?

A

Liver disease in children
CNS signs in adults - tremor, dysarthria, dystonia, dementia
Depression, mania
Kayser-Fleischer rings

57
Q

What is the treatment of Wilson’s disease?

A

Avoid copper rich foods
Lifelong penacillamine
Monitor FBC and urinary copper
Genetic testing

58
Q

What cancers metastasise to the liver?

A

Breast
Bronchus
GI tract

59
Q

What is hereditary haemochromatosis?

A

Disorder of iron metabolism

Increased intestinal absorption - joints, liver, heart, pancreas, pituitary, skin, adrenals

60
Q

What are the signs of haemachromatosis?

A

Arthralgia, tiredness
Slate grey skin pigmentation, CLD, dilated cardiomyopathy
DM, hypogonadism

61
Q

How is haemochromatosis treated?

A

Maintenance venesection

Monitor LFTs and blood glucose

62
Q

What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Inherited disorder affecting lung and liver

Can lead to emphysema and cirrhosis

FINALS (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions