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FINALS > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does ST elevation in II, III & aVF signify?

A

Inferior STEMI - RCA

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2
Q

What does ST elevation in V1-4 signify?

A

Anteroseptal STEMI - LAD

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3
Q

What does ST elevation in V4,5 & aVL signify?

A

Anterolateral STEMI - LAD or circumflex

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4
Q

What does ST elevation in I & aVL signify?

A

Lateral STEMI - circumflex

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5
Q

What does ST elevation in V7-9 signify?

A

Posterior STEMI - circumflex

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6
Q

What are some causes of a prolonged QT?

A

Congential, anti-psychotics, amiodarone, hypokalaemia, erythromycin

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7
Q

What are the ECG signs of hyperkalaemia?

A

Low flat P waves, broad QRS, slurs into ST, tall tented T waves

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8
Q

What is angina and what are the symptoms?

A

Symptomatic, reversible myocardial ischaemia

  1. Constricting/heavy discomfort to chest/arms/jaw
  2. Brought on by exertion
  3. Relieved within 5 mins by rest or GTN
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9
Q

What is decubitus angina?

A

Precipitated by lying flat

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10
Q

What is prinzmetal angina?

A

Caused by coronary artery spasm

Amphetamines, cocaine, hypomagnesia

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11
Q

What tests should be done for angina?

A

ECG
FBC, U&Es, TFTs, lipids, HbA1c
Exercise tolerance test

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12
Q

What is the management of angina?

A

Stop smoking, diet, exercise, HTN & lipid control
75mg aspirin daily
GTN
B blocker

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13
Q

What is the acute treatment for STEMI?

A 
O2 if needed 
300mg aspirin 
180mg ticagrelor 
Morphine + anti-emetic 
PCI
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14
Q

What is the chronic treatment following a STEMI?

A 
75mg aspirin + clopidogrel + PPI for 12 months
Anticoagulation till discharge 
B blocker 
High dose statin 
ACEi
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15
Q

What are the rules for driving following an MI?

A

1 week after successful angioplasty

4 weeks after ACS without angioplasty

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16
Q

What are some complications of MI?

A

Cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, left ventricular failure, arrhythmias, pericarditis, tamponade, mitral regurgitation, Dressler’s syndrome, left ventricular aneurysm

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17
Q

What are the signs of cardiac tamponade?

A

Decreased cardiac output - pulsus paradoxes, muffled heart sounds
Kussmaul’s sign - JVP rises during inspiration

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18
Q

What is Dressler’s syndrome?

A

Recurrent pericarditis, pleural effusion, fever, anaemia, raised ESR

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19
Q

What are the signs of a left ventricular aneurysm?

A

LVF, angina, recurrent VT, persistent ST elevation

20
Q

What tests should be done for an arrhythmia?

A

FBC, U&E, glucose, calcium, magnesium, TFTs
ECG
Echo

21
Q

What are the indications for D/C cardioversion rhythm control in arrhythmias?

A

Shock, chest pain, heart failure, syncope

22
Q

What are some causes of atrial fibrillation?

A

Heart failure, HTN, IHD, PE, mitral valve disease, hyperthyroidism, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances

23
Q

What is WPW syndrome and what are the ECG findings?

A

Congenital accessory conduction pathway between atria and ventricles
Short PR, wide QRS, ST changes

24
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Cardiac output is inadequate for the body’s requirements

25
Q

What are some causes of systolic heart failure?

A

IHD, MI, cardiomyopathy

26
Q

What are some causes of diastolic heart failure?

A

Ventricular hypertrophy, constrictive pericarditis, tamponade, restrictive cardiomyopathy, obesity

27
Q

What is the classification of heart failure?

A

I - no dyspnoea from ordinary activity
II - comfortable at rest
III - less than ordinary activity causes dyspnoea
IV - dyspnoea at rest

28
Q

What are the CXR features of heart failure?

A

Alveolar oedema, Kerley B lines, cardiomegaly, dilated upper lobe veins, pleural effusions

29
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

Rapid rise in BP leading to vascular damage

Severe HTN + bilateral retinal haemorrhages + exudates

30
Q

What are some causes of secondary hypertension?

A

Renal disease e.g. glomerulonephritis
Endocrine - Cushing’s, Conn’s, acromegaly
Pregnancy, COCP, cocaine

31
Q

What are the stages of hypertensive retinopathy?

A
  1. Tortuous arteries, thick shiny walls
  2. AV nipping
  3. Flame haemorrhages & cotton wool spots
  4. Papilloedema
32
Q

What is the treatment for hypertension?

A

Over 55 or black - Ca channel blocker

Under 55 - ACEi

33
Q

What are some causes of mitral regurgitation?

A

Calcification, rheumatic fever, IE, CTD, mitral valve proplapse

34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mitral regurgitation?

A

Dyspnoea, fatigue, palpitations
AF, hyperdynamic apex, displaced apex
Pansystolic murmur at apex, radiates to axilla

35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis?

A

Dyspnoea, haemoptysis, chronic bronchitis
Fatigue, palpitations, chest pain
Malar flush, low volume pulse, tapping apex, RV heave
Mid-diastolic murmur

36
Q

What are the causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Senile calcification, bicuspid valve, rheumatic fever

37
Q

What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?

A
  1. Angina
  2. Syncope
  3. Heart failure
38
Q

What are the signs of aortic stenosis?

A

Slow rising pulse, narrow pulse pressure
LV heave, aortic thrill
Ejection systolic murmur - left sternal edge to carotids

39
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of aortic regurgitation?

A

Dyspnoea, orthopnoea, PND, syncope
Collapsing pulse, wide pulse pressure, hyperdynamic apex
De-musset’s, Corrigan’s, Quincke’s
Early diastolic murmur

40
Q

What are the causes of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Usually congenital - Tuner’s, Noonan’s, William’s, TOF, rubella

41
Q

What are the risk factors for infective endocarditis?

A

Skin breaches, renal failure, immunosuppression, DM, IVDU

42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of IE?

A

Fever, rigors, night sweats, malaise
New/changing murmur, vegetations
Vasculitis, microscopic haematuria, Roth spots
Osler nodes, Janeway lesions, splinter haemorrhages

43
Q

What are the Duke’s major criteria for IE?

A

Blood culture - 2x typical organism, persistently positive

Echo - vegetation, abscess

44
Q

What are the causes of pericarditis?

A

Bacteria - TB, lyme disease
Viruses - EBV, CMV
Autoimmune - SLE, RA, vasculitis
Drugs - chemo

45
Q

What are the symptoms and ECG signs of pericarditis?

A

Central chest pain worst on inspiration and lying flat
Relieved by sitting forwards
Saddle shaped ST elevation, PR depression

46
Q

How is cardiac tamponade diagnosed?

A 
Beck's triad:
1. Falling BP
2. Rising JVP
3. Muffled heart sounds 
Echo diagnostic

FINALS (19 decks)

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