gas exchange and oxygenation (exam 3) Flashcards
1
Q
define eupnea
A
- normal breathing
2
Q
define dyspnea
A
short of breath
3
Q
define tachypnea
A
- rapid, shallow breathing
4
Q
define bradypnea
A
- slow breaths
5
Q
conditions affecting the airway can be described as?
A
- patency
6
Q
Conditions affecting diffusion can be called
A
- hypoxemia & hypoxia
7
Q
conditions affecting transport
A
Decreased CO: hypovolemia, congestive heart failure
8
Q
what are the steps of tissue death
A
- Hypoxemia = low o2 in blood
- Hypoxia = their tissues aren’t being perfused, not getting enough o2
- Tissue death
9
Q
what are the C.M of tissue death?
A
- Clinical manifestations: tachycardia at first, accessory muscle use, cyanosis, clubbing of the nails, later become bradycardic, barrel chest, pt would be irritable, blue nails and mucus membranes
10
Q
define ventilation
A
- gas exchange in alveoli = breathing
11
Q
define perfusion
A
- tissues getting enough blood & o2
12
Q
what does ECG stand for? & function & what it’s composed of
A
- electrocardiogram
- cardiogram (ECG):
- paper recording of deflections that represent the cardiac cycle
- Electrical deflections goes: there needs to be a P & T wave every time
- P wave
- PR interval
- QRST interval
- T wave
13
Q
what needs to be done to give the pt oxygen therapy?
A
- Check vitals signs and oxygen saturation level
- Ordered for clients with hypoxemia, anemia, blood loss
- Primary care provider specifies concentration, method of delivery, liver flow per min, may call for at therapy level
14
Q
how many liters of 02 can be delivered via nasal cannula?
A
- provides o2 at low flow rates
- 1 to 6 L/min
- least invasive (look for skin break down)
15
Q
how many liters of 02 can be delivered via simple face mask
A
- provides higher flow
- 5 to 8 LPM
16
Q
how many liters of 02 can be delivered via partial non breather mask?
A
- retains co2 as well (these 3 don’t have % of o2)
- 10 to 15 LPM
17
Q
how many liters of 02 can be delivered via non breather mask?
A
- reservoir bag a one way valve that prevents exhaled air from entering the reservoir
- 10 to 15 LPM
18
Q
how many liters of 02 can be delivered via venturi mask?
A
- gets really specific = ensure accuracy of the o2 concentration delivered by using color coded adapters = 4 - 10 LPM
19
Q
how many liters of 02 can be delivered via a face tent mask?
A
provides humidity to loosen secretions, gives them o2 & humidity
- 4 to 8 LPM or higher
20
Q
what is an aerosol mask?
A
- pt can get albuterol, or inhaled meds through the mask
21
Q
what is a CPAP machine? & function
A
- continuous positive airway pressure, opens up airway, positive pressure to help them breath, forcing air in airways
22
Q
what are some o2 therapy complications
A
- Oxygen toxicity, skin and tissue breakdown, syncope, acid base imbalances, and feelings of hopelessness, social isolation, and confusion
- They can feel hopelessness and social isolation but their o2 does not let them go far and they are embarrassed
23
Q
if there’s decreased CO…
A
- then there will be decreased of bloof flow to organs and peripheral tissues
24
Q
what does an ECG look like?
A
- P - waves
- PR interval
- QRST interval
- T wave
- can be thrown off by electrolytes, value disorders, ect
25
how to educate patients safety with o2 therapy?
- Handle w/ care = store safely, prevent falls and breakage of the tanks
- Highly flammable = no smoking, fire extinguisher available, avoid static, synthetic materials, make sure hand sanitizer is dry before
26
how is time measured with an ECG?
- Time is measured horizontally
-Each small square = 0.04 second
- Each large square = 0.2 seconds
- Five large squares = 1 second
27
how can nurses promote oxygenation in patients?
- Pt in position for maximum chest expansion (semi - or high fowler’s position)
- Encourage or provide frequent position changes (to move the mucus or sputum)
- Encourage deep breathing and coughing (to also mobilize the secretions)
- Encourage ambulation (at risk for pneumonia)
- Implement comfort measures (talking to the pt, get them comfortable, holding their hand, ect)
28
what actions can nurses take to improve oxygenation?
- Sputum specimen collection = get a sputum culture, so we can see what's going in there to get the right antibiotics
- Chest physiotherapy = chest pt, resp therapy to mobilize the secretions up, start on lower end of the chest, cup hands and move around back, or meds
- Flutter valve = helps to clear up secretions, like breathing therapy, take deep breaths in
29
what are the pros of an incentive spirometry
- Improves pulmonary ventilation
- Counteracts effects of anesthesia or hypoventilation
- Loosens resp secretions
- Facilities resp gaseous exchange
- Expands alveoli
30
what are the pros of having a patient deep breathe & cough
- Raise secretions high enough to expectorate or swallow
- Routine exercise for clients w/ chronic conditions
- Normal forceful cough, forceful exhale not necessarily cough
- Alternative: Huff coughing
- Purse breathing = take 2 breaths in they purse your lips and breath out, its releasing hair in alveoli
31
why is being well hydrated important for patients with oxygenation issues?
- Maintains moist mucous membranes to aid removal of secretions
- Normal secretions, thin, easily moved by ciliary action
- When dehydrated, secretions tenacious, humidifier
- Fluids as much as client tolerates
