Gait Intro

Question 1

Side to Side COM Oscillations

Answer 1

-Max position of COM to either side occurs at midpoint of stance phase
-about 4cm
-increases as width of BOS increases

Question 2

Vertical COM Oscillations

Answer 2

-goes from up and down during gait
-minimum height of COM occurs at midpoint of double limb
-maximum height of COM occurs at midpoint of single-limb
about 5 cm of displacements

Question 3

Stride is also known

Answer 3

1 gait cycle

Question 4

1 gait cycle is equivalent to…

Answer 4

heel strike of 1 foot to heel strike of same foot

Question 5

Stance Phase Components

Answer 5

Initial Contact
Loading Response
Midstance
Terminal Stance
Pre-Swing

Question 6

Swing Phase Components

Answer 6

Initial Swing
Mid-Swing
Terminal Swing

Question 7

When is the leg in single support?

Answer 7

occurs 80% of the gait cycle

1. Stance Phase
   a. Midstance
   b. Terminal Stance
2. Swing Phase
   a. Initial Swing
   b. Mid-Swing
   c. Terminal Swing

Question 8

When is the leg in double limb support?

Answer 8

occurs 20% of the gait cycle

1. Stance Phase
   a. Initial Contact
   b. Loading Response
   c. Pre-Swing

Question 9

Initial Contact

Answer 9

event, not a phase, that defines the beginning of gait cycle

stance phase, double limb support

Question 10

Loading Response

Answer 10

begins with initial contact and ends with contralateral toe off, when the opposite extremity leaves the ground

stance phase, double limb support

Question 11

Midstance

Answer 11

begins with contralateral toe off and ends with the center of gravity is directly over the reference foot

stance phase, single support

Question 12

Terminal Stance

Answer 12

begins when the center of gravity is over the supporting foot and ends when the contralateral foot contacts the ground. during terminal stance, the heel rises from the ground

stance phase, single limb support

Question 13

Pre-Swing

Answer 13

begins at contralateral initial contact and ends at toe off, at around 60% of the gait cycle

stance phase
double limb support

Question 14

Initial Swing

Answer 14

begins at toe off and continues until maximum knee flexion occurs

swing phase, single support

Question 15

Mid-Swing

Answer 15

period from maximum knee flexion until the tibia is vertical or perpendicular to the ground

swing phase, single support

Question 16

Terminal Swing

Answer 16

begins where the tibia is vertical and ends at initial contact

Swing phase, single leg support

Question 17

Step Length

Answer 17

heel strike on 1 side to heel strike on opposite side

Question 18

Stride length

Answer 18

equivalent to right step + left step (1 gait cycle)
stride starts and ends with the same foot

Question 19

Step Width

Answer 19

lateral distance between heel centers of two successive foot contacts

Question 20

Foot Angle

Answer 20

also known as foot progression
amount of toe-out or toe-in relative direction of movement

Question 21

Cadence

Answer 21

number of steps per minute
known as step rate

Question 22

Stride Time

Answer 22

time for the full gait cycle

Question 23

Walking Speed

Answer 23

distance covered/unit time

Question 24

Base of support

Answer 24

area beneath person that includes every point of contact that the person makes with the supporting surface

Question 25

Changes to base of support

Answer 25

wider steps = unstable gait Smaller steps = instability

Question 26

When your center of mass exceeds your BOS...

Answer 26

you become unstable and are increased risk of falling

Question 27

Parts of Kinematic Graphs

Answer 27

1.Angle at Initial Contact 2.Peak Angle 3.Angle at Toe-Off 4.Angular Excursion

Question 27

Angle at initial contact

Answer 27

ALWAYS first point on graph

Question 28

Peak Angle

Answer 28

most extreme point of graph (both positive and negative)

Question 29

Angle at Toe-Off

Answer 29

last data point or last point @ 60% when the graph is the full gait cycle

Question 30

Angular Excursion

Answer 30

Total ROM the joint moves in a specific direction

Question 31

Sagittal Plane Ankle, Phases of Stance

Answer 31

IC: 0-5 of PF Early LR: slight PF LR/Mid: DF of 10 Terminal: PF 15-20

Question 32

Heel Rocker

Answer 32

initial contact until foot is flat heel is rocking the most

Question 33

Ankle rocker

Answer 33

loading response/mid-stance ankle is rocking the most

Question 34

Forefoot rocker

Answer 34

terminal stance/toe off forefoot rotating the most

Question 35

Stance Phase Knee Kinematics

Answer 35

IC = 5 flex LR: flexes before extending Mid: extends until heel-off Terminal: flexed through swing Toe: knee flexed to 30

Question 36

Sagittal Pelvis Kinematics

Answer 36

-Pelvis will alternate between post and ant tilt -IC = neutral -LR = posterior tilt -Mid = anterior tilt -Terminal = posterior tilt amount of tilt increases with speed of ambulation

Question 37

Stance Phase Kinematics, Hip

Answer 37

IC = 30 flexion Later LR/Mid/Terminal = 10 extension Late terminal = hip flexes Toe off = neutral

Question 38

Frontal Plane Pelvis

Answer 38

IC = pelvis at neutral LR = pelvic drop Mid = pelvic rise

Question 39

Measuring the distance a patient covers during one gait cycle would be the same as measuring ______ length.

Answer 39

stride

Question 40

This sub-phase occurs during the second period of double support

Answer 40

Pre-swing

Question 41

The stance limb is generally flat on the ground during this entire sub-phase

Answer 41

Midstance

Question 42

This sub-phase occurs during the first period of double support

Answer 42

Loading Response

Question 43

The heel begins to rise off the ground during this sub-phase

Answer 43

Terminal Stance

Question 44

Generally considered an event and not a sub-phase; begins the gait cycle

Answer 44

Initial Contact

Question 45

During gait, heel strike of the right foot until heel strike of the left foot is called a

Answer 45

left step

Question 46

T/F: Step width is measured as the shortest diagnonal distance between heel centers of two successive foot contacts.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

What would likely not contribute to a dorsiflexion (i.e. ankle rocker) restriction during walking?

Answer 47

Anterior talofibular ligament

Question 48

Which "rocker" at the ankle joint generally occurs during the loading response only - not during any other stance sub-phase?

Answer 48

Heel rocker

Question 49

Peak knee flexion during the gait cycle occurs at the end of

Answer 49

Initial swing

Question 50

For a patient who has limited hip extension during gait, the most likely compensation at the trunk and pelvis would be

Answer 50

Increased anterior pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis during hip extension

Question 51

Ankle eversion is best measured from which view during a 2D video gait analysis?

Answer 51

Posterior view