Gait and Posture, Symposiums

Question 1

gait changes in the elderly

Answer 1

decreased muscle bulk
decreased strength and flexibility - loss of hearing and vision

reduction in velocity
reduction in step/stride length

Question 2

gait cycle

Answer 2

stance phase - 60% 
- heel strike 
- loading response (foot flat) 
- midstance 
- terminal stance (push off) 
- preswing (toe off) 
swing phase 
- initial mid-swing
- terminal swing

Question 3

heel strike

Answer 3

begins when heel strikes ground
tibialis anterior controls
hip extension - deceleration

Question 4

loading response

Answer 4

foot comes into full contact with ground
body weight transferred to stance limb
knee extension - quads

Question 5

mid-stance

Answer 5

when opposite limb swings past stance limb
pelvis remains level - abduction of hip
contaction of gluteus medius, minimus and TFL

Question 6

terminal stance

Answer 6

heel lift off ground
plantar flexors
accelerates mass forward

Question 7

pre-swing = toe off

Answer 7

powerful plantarflexion of digits to push off ground

slowing of hip extension and preparation for flexion

Question 8

hallux stabilised by

Answer 8

adductor hallucis

abductor hallucis brevis

Question 9

apropulsive gait

Answer 9

weak push off
shorter stride length
decreased velocity

Question 10

initial and mid-swing

Answer 10

limb shortened by

• hip flexion
• knee flexion
• ankle dorsiflexion

Question 11

terminal swing

Answer 11

knee flexion changes to extension ready for heel strike

assisted by dorsiflexion of ankle

Question 12

swing problems

Answer 12

limited knee problems means limb cant be shortened
= circumduction

foot cant be dorsiflexed = foot drop