Gait Analysis FINAL Flashcards
where does ambulation take place in humans
in upright posture via cyclic movements in upper and lower extremities
The normal gait cycle consists of two major phases:
one heel strike to another heel strike (full stride)
- stance phase
- swing phase
The stance phase occurs approximately ___% of the time in the normal gait cycle
60
The swing phase occurs about __% of the time
40%
T/F When running there is no period of double support [only 1 foot in contact at a time]
true
T/F In walking: over-lapping double support: one toe on one leg in contact & one toe in contact with ground & one foot in contact…
true
In running:
___% land on heel (rear foot)
___% land on mid-foot
___% land on toes (forefoot)
- 75
- 23
- 2
Running GRF?
2-3x body weight
what does the stance phase consist of
- initial heel strike
- period of single limb support
- opposite heel strike
- period of double support
When analyzing one leg/foot through the gait cycle, we can divide the stance phase into what 4 components?
- initial contact
- midstance
- late stance
- pre-swing
what is initial contact aka
heel strike; loading response; 1st rocker
in initial contact, just prior to contact with the ground, the ankle is in what position
about neutral DF (foot may be slightly supinated)
in initial contact, what ankle movement occurs with loading
plantarflexion, foot pronation
_____ of the foot helps absorb shock
pronation
Loading response ends with …
contralateral toe off
____ arches never pronate & experience more foot pain
high
midstance is aka
second rocker
in midstance, body weight begins to move out of _____ and toward a _____ position
pronation; neutral
when does mid stance phase end
when COG is directly over the foot.
what is late stance aka
3rd rocker, terminal stance
in late stance, the ankle ____ ____, the foot _____, & the toes ______
plantar flexes
supinates
extend
______ makes the foot act as a rigid lever for propulsion
supination
______ of the toes causes the Windlass effect** pulling the ____ ____ tight for greater rigidity [one cause: tight gastroc, soleus or achilles]
- extension
- plantar fascia
when does late stance end
when the contralateral foot contacts the ground.
When does pre-swing/terminal phase begin and end
Begins at contralateral initial contact & ends at toe off.
when does swing phase being and end
begins at toe off
- occurs until foot has completed the gait cycle by making contact with the ground again
the swing phase is divided into what 3 components
initial swing
midswing
terminal swing
when does initial swing occur
beings at toe off until max knee flexion (60 deg)
When does mid swing occur
from max knee flexion until tibia is vertical or perp. to the ground
when does terminal swing occur
begins where tibial is vertical and ends at initial contact
7 regions of the body to analyze in gait analysis
- head position
- trunk
- arm swing
- hips/pelvis
- thigh/knee
- lower leg
- foot/ankle
Head position possibilities
- vertically aligned
- Inclined forward or backward
- tilted
Trunk possibilities
- vertically aligned
- kyphosis
- lordosis
- trunk flexion
- scoliosis
Arm swing possibilities
- In opposition to legs
- less or greater than 45 deg.
- rigid swing
- wrist/hand/finger movement
- equal ROM for both
- normal rotation
hip/pelvis possibilities
- same height
- moving up/down excessively
- anterior or posterior rotation
- neutral rotation
- hip flexion less than 45 deg
- hip extension less than 20 deg.
thigh possibilities
- thigh below horizontal
2. thigh becomes horizontal
knee possibilities
- ROM > or
lower leg possibilities
- vertical at initial contact
- inclined backward at initial contact
- push off with leg vertical
- push off with leg anteriorly
- equal ROM
foot/ankle possibilities
- rigid
- turned outward/inward
- initial contact with ball, toes, heel
- weight on medial or lateral portion
- long or short step length
- fast or slow cadence
- wide or narrow base of support
