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Biomechanics > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton ?

A

74 bones (skull, vertebrae, ribs)

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2
Q

How many bones in the appendical skeleton

A

126 bones (extremities, shoulder girdle, pelvis)

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3
Q

How many bones in the auditory ossicles?

A

6 bones

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4
Q

how many bones in the human body?

A

206

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5
Q

what are the 5 functions of bones?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Attachment
  4. Mineral Reserve
  5. Hemopoiesis
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6
Q

force distribution inside the body, related to pressure

A

stress

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7
Q

6 types of forces

A
  1. Compression
  2. Tension
  3. Shear
  4. Bending
  5. Torsion
  6. Combined loading
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8
Q

explain compression forces

A

act along the long axis of a bone, tending to push the ends of bone together

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9
Q

explain tension forces

A

opposite of compressive, stretching force

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10
Q

explain shear forces

A

sliding; force is parallel to the cross section of the bone

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11
Q

explain bending forces

A

application of an eccentric force to the end of the bone causing compression & tension at the same time. (ex/ rickets: tension on one side, compression on the other)

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12
Q

explain torsion forces

A

twisting around the long axis of bone

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13
Q

explain combined loading

A

including more than 1 of the previous force types

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14
Q

single force large enough to cause injury (ex: car tire rolling over the foot)

A

traumatic force load

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15
Q

multiple application of forces, usually with smaller magnitudes (ex: stress fracture)

A

repetitive force load

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16
Q

4 properties of bone structure

A
  1. stiffness
  2. compressive strength
  3. elasticity
  4. tensile strength
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17
Q

ratio of stress to strain

A

stiffness

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18
Q

stress = ?

A

F / area (force divided by area)

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19
Q

amount of change in the bone’s shape

A

strain

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20
Q

what is compressive strength?

A

a bones resistance to compression

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21
Q

what is elasticity?

A

a bone’s ability to regain it’s original shape after deformation, provided by collagen

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22
Q

what is tensile strength?

A

resistance to being pulled apart

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23
Q

where does longitudinal growth take place?

A

epiphyseal plates

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24
Q

explain longitudinal growth. what ages does this occur?

A

epiphyseal plates produce new bone cells on the diaphysis of the bone up to [ages 18-25]

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25
Q

explain circumferential growth

A

internal layers of the periosteum lay down concentric layers of bone

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26
Q

where does bone resorption occur?

A

around the medullary cavity

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27
Q

osteoclasts vs. osteoblasts

A

osteoclasts: resorb bone (take it away)
osteoblasts: make new bone
both remain in balance until 40-60 years of age

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28
Q

3 classifications of bone responses to stress

A
  1. wolfe’s law
  2. hypertrophy
  3. atrophy
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29
Q

what is wolfe’s law?

A

a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces of demands placed upon it

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30
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increased bone density based on loading

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31
Q

atrophy

A

loss of bone tissue (happens in astronauts)

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32
Q

what is a fracture?

A

a disruption in bone continuity (break/crack)

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33
Q

bone resists _______ the best

A

compression

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34
Q

5 types of fractures

A
  1. Avulsion
  2. Comminuted
  3. Impacted/compression
  4. Greenstick
  5. Stress fx
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35
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

occurs in tensile loading. bone chip pulled off. (kids jump off high objects, lift heavy objects)

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36
Q

comminuted fracture

A

results in many fragments [car accident, gun shot]

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37
Q

impacted or compression fracture

A

fracture pressed together by a compressive load (in spine; standing on a broken bone)

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38
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

incomplete fracture to to bending; most common in children (soft bones)

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39
Q

Stress fracture

A

small cracks caused by repeated low stresses (most common in tibia)

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40
Q

strong slightly extensible protein found in collagenous tissue

A

collagen [fibers allow flexibility]

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41
Q

elasticity of collagen determines differences in what?

A

joint ROM

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42
Q

a joint needs sufficient _______ for efficient & safe movement. Where does this come from?

A
  • lubrication

- synovial fluid from bursae sacs

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43
Q

articular cartilage

A

1-7 mm thick coating over epiphyses at synovial joints

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44
Q

what does articular cartilage do?

A

spreads out the load at the joint, minimizes friction - no bones rubbing together [50% stress reduction]

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45
Q

where is articular cartilage located?

A

epiphyses (end of bone)

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46
Q

what helps prevent the loss of cartilage?

A

regular exercise

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47
Q

articular fibrocartilage can be found as either a ______ disc or ______ disc

A

fibrous or partial

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48
Q

articular fibrocartilage ______ and ________ loads

A

absorbs, distributes

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49
Q

what does articular fibrocartilage do for bones?

A

holds bones in place, minimizes slippage

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50
Q

what does articular fibrocartilage do for joint?

A

lubrication (synovial fluid)

improves joint congruency

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51
Q

examples of articular connective tissue

A

ligaments and tendons

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52
Q

what does the elastic limit of articular connective tissue mean?

A

stretched up to a point, then surgery is required

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53
Q

example of a ligament injury? tendon/muscle injury?

A

sprain; strain

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54
Q

joint stability is a joints ability to resist ______

A

dislocation

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55
Q

joint stability depends on what

A

shape of the articulating surfaces

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56
Q

the shape of the articulating surfaces of a joint is usually

A

concavoconvex [ball and socket]

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57
Q

what is closed pack position

A

a joint has maximum contact between articulating surfaces [example: knee in full extension]

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58
Q

what is loose packed position

A

a joint has the least contact between surfaces [example: 25 degree knee flexion]

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59
Q

more ligaments = more ____

A

stability

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60
Q

with muscle insertion, what are the 3 ligament components?

A
  • rotary component [causes movement]
  • stabilizing component [more stable]
  • dislocating component [less stable]
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61
Q

what is fascia?

A

sheet of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating, or binding muscles and organs

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62
Q

what does fascia do?

A

increases origin or insertion sites of muscle

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63
Q

technique used by therapists in regards to fascia

A

myofascial release

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64
Q

another type of connective tissue besides fascia that protects muscles

A

skin

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65
Q

what 4 things does joint flexibility rely on?

A
  • shape of articular surfaces
  • intervening muscle or fat
  • muscle tension
  • extensibility of collagenous tissue
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66
Q

ACSM guidelines on stretching

A
  1. 10 minutes long
  2. 4 or more reps per muscle group
  3. 2-3 days per week
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67
Q

what is the minimum stretching technique to improve flexibility?

A

2 to 4 repetitions for 10-30 seconds [totals 1 min per muscle group]

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68
Q

5 types of stretching

A
  1. active
  2. passive
  3. static
  4. ballistic
  5. PNF [proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation-both active & passive]
69
Q

what make up the functional unit of the spine

A

2 adjacent vertebrae & the soft tissue between them

70
Q

which is the primary site of biomechanical analysis of the spine

A

L5/S1 {lumbosacral joint}

71
Q

primary curves of the spine

A

present at birth; thoracic and sacral

72
Q

secondary curves of the spine? what are the developed for?

A

cervical and lumbar, developed to support body weight

73
Q

spinal curvature can be changed by …

A

pathology or repeated load - wolfe’s law

74
Q

3 possible pathological curves

A
  1. Excessive lumbar lordosis
  2. Excessive kyphosis
  3. Scoliosis
75
Q

lumbar lordosis is also called

A

sway back

76
Q

explain lumbar lordosis

A

abs can’t support pelvis so anterior pelvic tilt occurs (tight back)

77
Q

pathological spinal curvature common in pregnancy

A

functional lordosis

78
Q

what is excessive kyphosis?

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature [hunch back, as seen in computer or desk jobs**]

79
Q

what is swimmers back?

A

functional kyphosis due to muscle development/use

80
Q

what stroke causes swimmers back

A

butterfly stroke

81
Q

what is scheuermann’s disease? what condition is it related to?

A
  • wedge shaped vertebrae due to agnormal epiphyseal plate

- kyphosis

82
Q

what is scoliosis

A
  • lateral curvature [C or S curve] of the spine

- disorientation of articulating facets

83
Q

what determines movement capabilities in scoliosis

A

spinous & transverse processes

84
Q

_____ _______ discrepancy is common in scoliosis

A

leg length [unequal]

85
Q

what are intervertebral disks

A

cushions between vertebrae

86
Q

what do intervertebral disks do?

A
  • shock absorption

- sponges (fill with water in a horizontal position, compresses when standing)

87
Q

intervertebral disks make up ____ height of a healthy spine

A

1/4 of height

88
Q

we lose ____ of height by the end of each day due to water loss from disks [gravity] & gain height back when sleeping

A

1 cm

89
Q

astronauts can gain ____ of height in space

A

5 cm

90
Q

what is annulus fibrosis

A

outer ring of fibrous cartilage of the disk that protects the disc from bending/torsion

91
Q

what is nucleus pulposus

A

gelatinous center of the disk that resists compression

92
Q

spinal flexion = ?
spinal extension = ?
lateral flexion = ?
spinal rotation = ?

A
  1. forward bending
  2. backward bending
  3. side bending
  4. twisting
93
Q

what movements cause compression & tension forces

A

flexion, extension, lateral flexion

94
Q

what movement causes shear & torsional stress (disk rupture)

A

spinal rotation [twisting]

95
Q

the pumping action of a disc makes up for its ______ nature

A

avascular

96
Q

What helps prevent disc degeneration

A

exercise

97
Q

we lose fluid in our discs beginning at age…

A

35

98
Q

the elderly have lost ___% of fluid content in discs therefore they lose _____

A

35%, height

99
Q

what is the most expensive workman’s comp. injury?

A

low back pain

100
Q

how much of the population suffers from low back pain?

A

70-80%

101
Q

most common injured sights in LBP (low back pain)

A

L4/L5, & L5/S1

102
Q

11 factors related to injury development

A
  1. Skeletal Alignment
  2. Muscle strength
  3. Muscle endurance
  4. Joint flexibility
  5. Joint Alignment
  6. Bone mineral density
  7. Previous injury
  8. Muscle firing patter
  9. Body composition
  10. Body mass (weight)
  11. Psychological factors

“She Makes Music. John Joins. Beats Prevent My Boyfriend from Becoming Pissed”

103
Q

Affects the pattern of stress imposed upon tissues

A

Skeletal alignment

104
Q

Affects the magnitude of loading and shock absorption

A

Muscle strength

105
Q

(Current level of fatigue) affects magnitude of loading & shock absorption

A

muscle endurance

106
Q

Affects loading pattern of segments. Influenced by tissue temperature

A

Joint flexibility

107
Q

Affects area of force distribution

A

Joint alignment

108
Q

Affects strength of bone to withstand stress. Influenced by diet and hormone levels.

A

bone mineral density

109
Q

Affects tissue threshold

A

Previous injury history

110
Q

Affects magnitude of load and pattern of imposed load

A

muscle firing pattern

111
Q

Affects magnitude of imposed load.

A

body mass/weight

112
Q

Affects magnitude of imposed load

A

body composition

113
Q

Affects pain threshold. Higher threshold of pain vs. others, etc.

A

psychological factors

114
Q

5 extrinsic factors

A
  1. Task
  2. Environment
  3. Equipment
  4. Level of participation
  5. Rules
115
Q

3 characteristics of task

A
  1. nature of task
  2. intensity of performance
  3. frequency of performance
116
Q

Affects the magnitude of loading and recovery. Single bout vs. repetitive (continuous) activity. Movement pattern

A

nature of the task

117
Q

Affects magnitude of loading

A

intensity of performance

118
Q

Affects recovery time

A

frequency of performance

119
Q

Environment involves playing surface. What are 3 points to consider in choosing playing surface or environment?

A
  1. slope
  2. hardness
  3. material condition
120
Q

part of environment that affects magnitude and direction of loading

A

slope

121
Q

part of environment that affects magnitude of loading and friction

A

hardness & material condition

122
Q

footwear falls under the equipment category; what are 2 traits to take into consideration with footwear?

A
  1. Outsole materials

2. Midsole materials

123
Q

which footwear trait affects magnitude & friction? which affects the amount of cushioning & padding?

A

outsole materials; midsole materials

124
Q

Level of participation affects ______ of _______ ______

A

magnitude of forces imposed

125
Q

two aspects of “Level of recreation”

A
  1. recreational vs. competitive

2. skill level of components

126
Q

rules affect the _____ and ______ of loading and the ______ of ____ distribution

A
  • magnitude, frequency

- pattern of force

127
Q

4 properties of muscle

A
  1. extensibility
  2. elasticity
  3. irritability
  4. contractility
128
Q

ability to stretch

A

extensibility

129
Q

ability to return to normal shape

A

elasticity

130
Q

ability to respond to stimuli

A

irritability

131
Q

ability to develop tension

A

contractility

132
Q

muscle tension is a _____ force that creates joint ______

A

pulling; torque

133
Q

3 types of tension/contraction

A

concentric (shortening)
isometric (no movement)
eccentric (lengthening)

134
Q

single muscle cell

A

muscle fiber

135
Q

basic contractile unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

136
Q

muscles have varied lengths & _______

A

diameters

137
Q

longest muscle? Largest?

A

longest: sartorius
Largest: latissimus dorsi

138
Q

what comprises a motor unit?

A

motor neuron & all the fibers it innervates

139
Q

fibers of motor units can be _______ with those of other motor units

A

interspersed

140
Q

motor units are confined to a single muscle, how many do large muscles have?

A

1,000 - 2,000 fibers per motor unit

141
Q

why do small muscles such as in the eye have a smaller amount of fibers/motor unit?

A

for precise control (<100)

142
Q

3 longitudinal/parallel muscles

A

sartorius, biceps femoris, biceps brachii

143
Q

direction of longitudinal/parallel muscle pull

A

toward each other in y [vertical] direction

144
Q

3 pennate muscles

A

tibialis posterior, rectus femoris, deltoid

145
Q

direction of pennate muscle pull

A

in x & y direction

146
Q

the greater the angle of ______, the ___ force produced by the muscle

A

pennation, less force

147
Q

in pennate muscles, there are more _____/______ so it (may/may not?) make a large difference in force production

A
  • fibers/aerobic

- may not

148
Q

2 types of muscle fibers

A
  • slow twitch fibers

- fast twitch fibers

149
Q

describe slow twitch fibers

A
  • type 1
  • ~50%
  • oxidative, aerobic
150
Q

Fast-twitch fibers, also known as type II fibers, have 3 categories. Explain them what are they

A

Type IIa, IIx and IIc

151
Q

Type IIa fibers

A

25%, fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG), aerobic & anaerobic

152
Q

Type IIx fibers

A

~25%, fast glycolytic (FG), anaerobic

153
Q

Type IIc fibers

A

1-3%, limited information known

154
Q

3 factors affecting muscle force

A
  1. velocity of shortening
  2. duration of muscle contraction
  3. muscle length-tension relationship
155
Q

a higher muscle ______ decreases force

A

velocity

156
Q

the longer the ______ of muscle contraction, the more force produced

A

duration

157
Q

a muscle can develop tension from ______ of resting length

A

60-160%

158
Q

greatest active tension is at…

A

resting length

159
Q

what is active insufficiency in muscles?

A

function of 2 joint muscles; inability for them to achieve full joint ROM at same time

160
Q

what is an example of active insufficiency?

A

cannot bend wrist down with fingers in a fist, instead fingers open up

161
Q

muscle strength is related to what 5 things?

A
  1. cross sectional area
  2. training state
  3. innervation [neural adaptation]
  4. angle of muscle attachment
  5. moment arm length
162
Q

what is the equation for muscle power??

A

muscle force X muscle velocity

163
Q

maximal muscle power occurs at approximately ____ to ____ max velocity of muscle shortening

A

1/3 to 1/2

164
Q

max power of a muscle is affected by

A

movement squad

165
Q

muscle power is important in what type of sports

A

explosive

166
Q

a ______ athlete will give a better performance

A

powerful

167
Q

Ability to exert tension over a period of time

A

muscle endurance

168
Q

5 factors affecting muscle endurance

A
  1. muscle fiber type
  2. force & speed requirements
  3. fatigue in muscle (lack of ATP, no contraction)
  4. neurologic fatigue
  5. no action potential generated
169
Q

temperature affects performance. What do higher temperatures increase?

A
  • max isometric tension
  • velocity of shortening
  • strength power endurance
  • reduced motor units required for work
  • optimal muscle temperature

Biomechanics (10 decks)

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