Foot/Ankle FINAL Flashcards
Bones of the foot/ankle
2 sesamoid tibia fibula 7 tarsal 5 metatarsal 14 phalanges
how many joints in the foot/ankle
33
what are the 7 tarsal bones
talus calcaneus navicular cuboid medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform
the ankle joint is comprised of what 2 major joints
- distal tibiofibular
2. talocrural
distal tibiofib is supported by what
3 ligaments and a membrane
what type of tissue makes up tibiofib joint
dense fibrous tissue
which joint is considered the primary ankle joint? why?
talocrural; where most ankle motion occurs
what bones comprise the talocrural joint
talus tibia fibula
the tibia and tibia form a _____ for the talus
mortise
PM’s of ankle dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
PM’s of ankle plantarflexion
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
**form achilles tendon
PM’s ankle inversion
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
PM’s ankle eversion
Peroneus longus & brevis
during normal walking, ankle ROM i about ___ deg. dorsiflexion to about ___ deg. plantarflexion
10-20
ankle motion _____ as people walk faster
decreases (this is opp. of knee and hip)
When standing on your toes of one leg, joint reaction forces (JRF) are about ___x body weight.
2x
When walking, JRF peaks at about __x body weight. Why?
5x
- tension of gastroc-soleus muscles
During faster walking, the JRF peak is still about the same, however the _____ is different.
pattern
2 JRF peaks occur instead of one. what are they
- loading response (heel strike)
2. late stance (propulsion/toe off)
the foot can be subdivided into what3 sections
- rearfoot (calcaneus and talus)
- midfoot (navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms)
- forefoot (metatarsal, phalanges)
when Foot movement occurs generally in all 3 planes simultaneously is it called
triplanar movement
2 major foot movements
pronation supination
supination is a combo of what 3 movements
- plantar flexion
- adduction
- inversion
pronation is a combo of what 3 movements
- dorsiflexion
- abduction
- eversion
4 main foot jointd
- subtalar (talocalcaneal)
- midtarsal (chopart’s)
- intertarsal and tarsometatarsal
- metatarsophalangeal
3 arches of the foot
medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse
arch aka high arch
medial longitudinal
arches of the foot are supported by what 4 things
- architecture of tarsal
- orientation of joints/ligaments
- plantar ligaments and fascia
- muscle forces
what are these called?
High arch:
Low arch/flat feet:
Normal arch:
high: pes cavus
low: pes planus
normal: neutral
what is plantar fascia
thick connective tissue that supports the arch of the foot
where does plantar fascia run to and from
from calcaneal tuberosity to heads of metatarsal bones
what is plantar fascia responsible for
windlass effect
what is plantar fascia aka
aponeurosis fascia
what is the windlass affect
passive mechanism [does not require muscle contraction] for increasing arch height & rigidity of the foot during walking.
when does the windlass effect occur
when the toes (especially hallux) extend during the toe-off phase of gait
