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Biomechanics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance that tends to flow continuously when acted on by a shear force. (ex: air, water, blood)

A

fluid

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2
Q

2 types of forces exerted on an object by a fluid environment

A

buoyant & dynamic

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3
Q

force occurs due to its immersion in fluid

A

buoyant

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4
Q

force occurs due to its relative motion in the fluid

A

dynamic

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5
Q

dynamic force is usually compromised of what 2 components…

A

drag and lift force

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6
Q

Velocity of a body with respect to the velocity of something else, such as surrounding fluid is known as…

A

relative velocity

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7
Q

when the body moves with a velocity low enough (relative) that waves and eddies are minimal it is known as…

A

laminar flow

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8
Q

in laminar flow, smooth layers of fluid molecules are flowing ______ to each other

A

parallel

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9
Q

Body moves with a velocity high enough (relative) to cause waves and eddies

A

turbulent flow

ex: plaque build-up causes turbulent blood flow inside arteries

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10
Q

fluid properties include…

A

density, specific weight, viscosity

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11
Q

mass divided by volume =

A

density

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12
Q

resistance to flow

A

viscosity

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13
Q

increases in any fluid properties lead to an increased …

A

magnitude of force generation (turbulence)

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14
Q

____ pressure and _____ temperatures will maximize fluid properties

A

high, low

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15
Q

Force acting vertically and upward in a fluid

A

buoyancy

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16
Q

which principle has to do with buoyancy? what does this principle state?

A
  1. archimedes principle
  2. The magnitude of buoyant force acting on a body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body or Fb = Vd y
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17
Q

Point at which the buoyant force acts. All of the body’s volume is equally distributed about this point.

A

center of volume

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18
Q

part of the body that has the greatest volume

A

center of volume

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19
Q

the ability to float depends on ____ ____ & ______

A

body weight & buoyancy (fat floats easier than muscle)

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20
Q

ability to float depends on the location of…

A

center of volume (COV)

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21
Q

the ____ is usually closer to the feet than the COV

A

COG

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22
Q

torque caused by weight acts through the _____

A

COG

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23
Q

torque caused by buoyancy acts through the ____

A

COV

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24
Q

when floating your hips tend to move ______ in the water, your chest moves _______

A

hips downward, chest upward

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25
Q

when floating, your hips and chest act like a force _____

A

couple

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26
Q

______ cause rotation to occur until the COV and COG are aligned

A

torques

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27
Q

if a person has a lot of adipose tissue around the midsection they can lie flat on the water. why?

A

COG and COV close together

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28
Q

Force caused by dynamic action of a fluid.

A

drag

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29
Q

a drag acts in the direction of the ___ ____ ____ flow, similar to air resistance

A

free stream fluid

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30
Q

there is less drag force at _____ altitudes

A

higher

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31
Q

3 types of resistance (drag force)

A
  1. skin friction
  2. form drag
  3. wave drag
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32
Q

drag derived from sliding contact between adjacent fluid layers close to the body’s surface

A

skin friction

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33
Q

Entire region within which fluid velocity is decreased around a body.

A

boundary layer

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34
Q

what affects skin friction?

A
  1. fluid velocity
  2. surface area of body
  3. roughness of body
  4. fluid viscosity
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35
Q

drag created by the pressure differential between the lead & rear sides of the body

A

form drag (aerodynamics!)

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36
Q

what affects form drag?

A
  1. body velocity
  2. magnitude of pressure gradient
  3. surface area perpendicular to the flow
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37
Q

drag created by the generation of waves at the interface between 2 different fluids (ex: air & water; butterfly stroke)

A

wave drag

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38
Q

what affects wave drag?

A
  1. up & down body motion
  2. swim speed
  3. moving surface water
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39
Q

Force acting on the body in any direction that is ┴ to the fluid flow.

A

Lift

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40
Q

increasing ___ ____ & _____ increases lift force

A

surface area & speed

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41
Q

what affects lift?

A
  1. velocity
  2. fluid density
  3. body size shape & orientation
  4. coefficient of lift
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42
Q

increased density = increased ____ due to increased _____ differential

A

lift, pressure

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43
Q

increased velocity = increased ____

A

lift

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44
Q

which principle states “regions of high velocity fluid flow are associated with regions of low pressure (& vice-versa)”

A

Bernoulli’s Principle

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45
Q

the _______ the body moves through the air or the water, the ______ the pressure differential

A

faster, greater

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46
Q

pilot puts a planes flaps (under wings) in a ____ position when landing, & ____ position when taking off

A

down; up

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47
Q

What is qualitative biomechanical analysis?

A

breaking down a movement into its basic elements then qualitatively examining those elements

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48
Q

qualitative biomechanical analysis uses ONLY the ____ of the observer

A

senses

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49
Q

define motor skills

A

A series of voluntary movements of the body designed to achieve a particular goal

50
Q

Define performance

A

The manner in which all movements comprising a motor skill are executed

51
Q

The measure of the outcome is known as the

A

result

52
Q

4 requirements for valid qualitative analyses

A
  1. Prior knowledge of the skill to be analyzed
  2. Know the purpose or goal of performer & restrictions of rules governing the event
  3. Seek literature on motor skill of interest
  4. Know the most effective technique (not just basing it off of one successful performer)
53
Q

4 steps of qualitative analysis

A
  1. description
  2. observation
  3. evaluation
  4. instruction
54
Q

what 3 parts make up the description portion of the qualitative analysis

A
  1. Theoretical [What is the most effective technique? describe what it looks like]
  2. What do you want to see when you observe your subject?
  3. Can results be divided into distinct consecutive parts?
55
Q

In a long jump, we can use information gathered from the description portion of theoretical analysis to improve distance. We can pile this information into chart-form. Explain what that looks like.

A
  1. At the very top is distance.
  2. Distance is the combination of (2nd row) take off distance, flight distance, landing distance
  3. The types of distance are reliant on (3rd row) angle, velocity and height of body
56
Q

In swimming, what would the qualitative analysis chart look like?

A
  1. Time
  2. Start time swimming, time spent swimming
  3. Reaction time, technique
57
Q

What occurs during the observation portion of the biomechanical analysis?

A

observe the subjects perforce to deterring what his or her technique actually looks like

58
Q

What questions are asked during the observation portion (looking at technique of subject) of biomechanical analysis?

A
  1. whom?
  2. what conditions?
  3. where to observe?
  4. what to look for?
  5. Other senses: listening, touch, kinesthesia
59
Q

rules for the observation portion

A

a. ) observer should instruct the performer how to proceed during testing (warm up, perform # of reps in certain time, etc)
b. ) observer should get in position AND THEN cue performer
c. ) do not make comments until performance is finished

60
Q

which is the best position to analyze from, usually?

A

perpendicular to performance midpoint (may want front/back as well)

61
Q

____ _____ affects what is seen; decided what to look for in each trial – don’t be too broad or too focused

A

focal point

62
Q

Image capturing: watch the performance up to the ___ ____ you wish to see & then ___ ____ ____ & concentrate on the last image you saw

A

last point; close your eyes

63
Q

what occurs during the evaluation portion

A
  1. compare the ideal technique to the observed performance.

2. identify and evaluate the errors.

64
Q

What occurs during the instruction portion ?

A

educate the subject [providing feedback & instruction necessary to correct errors]
- repeat the analysis after correction

65
Q

shoulder flexion muscles [2]

A

anterior deltoid, pec major

66
Q

shoulder abduction [2]

A

middle deltoid, supraspinatus

67
Q

Shoulder extension [3]

A

latissimus dorsi, teres major, posterior deltoid

68
Q

shoulder internal rotation [2]

A

subscapularis, pec major

69
Q

shoulder external rotation [2]

A

infraspinatus, teres minor

70
Q

shoulder adduction [1]

A

latissimus dorsi

71
Q

rotator cuff [4]

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

72
Q

elbow flexion [3]

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

73
Q

elbow extension [2]

A

triceps, anconeus

74
Q

9 tools used for biomechanics

A
  1. eye / other senses
  2. anthropometry
  3. timing devices
  4. artificial optical devices
  5. electrogoniometry
  6. electromyography
  7. dynamometry
  8. accelerometry
  9. modeling & stimulation
75
Q

The eyes & other senses are predominantly ________ & include 5 types of observations:

A
  • qualitative
    1. direct visual observation
    2. indirect visual observation
    3. aural
    4. tactile
    5. kinesthetic
76
Q

which type of observation is Looking for qualitative kinetic & kinematic variables

A

direct visual

77
Q

which type of observation is Looking at changes in the environment caused by the performance

A

indirect visual (foot print in sand, hurdles knocked over))

78
Q

which type of observation deals with (acoustic/auditory), listening

A

Aural

79
Q

examples of aural

A

blood pressure, injuries, rhythm of a movement pattern

80
Q

which type of observation deals with touch; SPOTTING someone in gymnastics or weightlifting

A

tactile (touch)

81
Q

which type of observation is Observation made by yourself, if the movement “felt” right.

A

kinesthetic (golf swing)

82
Q

measures of the human body are referred to as

A

anthropometry

83
Q

examples of anthropometry

A
  1. mass of body segment
  2. heigh weight
  3. COG in sports
84
Q

anthropometry tools:

A

tape measure, scale, caliper, underwater weighing tank, bod pod, MRI

85
Q

Used to record the speed of the body and its parts. Describes movement patterns and may influence other variables (ex: torque)

A

chronoscope (timing device)

86
Q

timing device examples

A

stop watch to time movements
switch mat/jump mat
force plate

87
Q

Quantitative, can save a permanent record

A

artificial optical devices (photography & cinematography)

88
Q

Used a Zoopraxiscope (like a flip movie) to analyze gait in horses.

A

Muybridge (1830-1904)

89
Q
  1. Studied gait using photography & cameras

2. Investigated how slow and fast speed cameras can be used to analyze human movement

A

Braune & Fisher

90
Q

why is single image photography useful

A
  1. used to analyze specific body positions
  2. graph sequence cameras
  3. rapid advance
91
Q

Multiple exposure photograph (strobe light type pictures)

A

stroboscopy

92
Q

todays high speed cameras are ____ - _____ Hz

A

2000 - 6000

93
Q

the greater the Hz the greater the ____ of _____

A

detail of motion

94
Q

our eye operates at ___-___ Hz per second

A

10-12

95
Q

Synchronize a camera with an x-ray or fluoroscope. Bones filmed in motion.

A

cineradiography

96
Q

Used to make 3-D pictures of the body and internal structures

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

97
Q

Video cameras and computers used together. The computer “grabs” the image and then digitizes (makes a stick figure image) the subject –
The subject wears reflective markers during the recorded session)

A

Computerized videography

98
Q

computers can automatically calculate what 6 things

A

displacements, velocities, accelerations, moments of force (torque), center of gravity (COG), statistics

99
Q

electrogoniometry was designed by whom

A

karpovich

100
Q

an electrogoniometer is a goniometer with a _____ rather than a protracted. what does it do? problems?

A

potentiometer. measures joint angles & sends to printouts. lacks spatial orientation of limb & can be cumbersome

101
Q

ED goniometry

A

movement in multiply planes; allows measurement of joints out of visual line of sight; expensive! helpful in twisting/turning movements

102
Q

Recording electrical activity (motor unit action potential) of muscle during contractions

A

Electromyography (EMG)

103
Q

how does EMG work

A

Metal disks (surface electrodes) or fine wires (needle electrodes) are used to pick up the electrical signal

104
Q

which are more accurate for EMG - needle or surface electrodes?

A

Needle electrodes give more accurate readings than surface electrodes; they go directly into the muscle tissue

105
Q

In an EMG the electrical signal is recorded by the computer. • The _____ of the signal is proportional to the _____ of the movement & the amount of muscle fibers contracting

A

magnitude, velocity

106
Q

Measures force production in the body.

A

Dynamometry

107
Q

Dynamometry was first used in the _____’s

A

1960’s

108
Q

3 types of dynamometry devices

A
  • hydraulic or spring
  • cable tensiometers
  • strain gauges
  • force plate platform
  • foot plate/pressure plate
109
Q

measures centrifugal force in hammer throw; pulling forces

A

Cable tensiometers

110
Q

what is an example of hydraulic or spring devices

A

hand grip dynamometer;

111
Q

examples of strain gauges

A

sport equipment; canoe & kayak paddles; show insoles; bike pedal

112
Q

Force plate platform measures what? records what? estimates what?

A

measures: GRF
records: force time in 3 axes (xyz)
estimates: compressive forces & torques

113
Q

force plates can be as thin as _____ & can be used in ____ or ____ under the feet

A

paper; shoes; mat

114
Q

what do foot plate/pressure plates help investigate?

A

plantar pressure, gait & balance patterns

115
Q

what type of research is foot plate/pressure plate used for

A

disease populations (prescribe diabetic orthotic) or lifting studies

116
Q

Use of devices to measure acceleration, estimate joint forces

A

accelerometry

117
Q

some accelerometers can attach to _____, recording acceleration of the movement. example?

A

limbs. wii remote

118
Q

Mathematical modeling of a living body’s characteristics, used for predicting performance.

A

modeling & stimulation

119
Q

modeling & stimulation uses ______ information from ________ calculations

A

quantitative; biomechanical

120
Q

example of modeling & stimulation

A

crash test dummies

Biomechanics (10 decks)

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