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Kines Final > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gait cycle?

A

Heel strike to ipsilateral heel strike

I.e.- left gait cycle = time left heel hits ground to the time the left heel hits the ground again

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2
Q

What is a step?

A

Heel strike to contralateral heel strike

So right step = right heel strike to the left heel strike

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3
Q

What is stride length?

A

Distance between ipsilateral foot contacts

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4
Q

What is step length?

A

Distance between contralateral foot contacts

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5
Q

What is step width?

A

Distance between heel centers of contralateral feet (BoS)

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6
Q

What is foot angle?

A

Angle formed between long axis of foot and line of progression– angle between where foot is pointed and the center line

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7
Q

What is cadence

A

Steps per minute

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8
Q

What is stride time

A

Time to complete gait cycle

I.e. Left foot IC to next left foot IC

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9
Q

What is step time

A

Time for completing a step (left foot IC to right foot IC)

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10
Q

What is single limb support time

A

Amount of time only one foot on ground

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11
Q

How is walking speed calculated

A

Distance/time

Spatial-temporal descriptor

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12
Q

Initial swing/Terminal swing

Which is speeding up or slowing down?

A 
Initial = acceleration
Terminal = deceleration
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13
Q

Goals of muscles in gait

A
  • Keep CoG at minimum
  • Decrease vertical/lateral CoG excursion
  • Decrease energy expenditure
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14
Q

Least stabile position in gait

A

30-50 percent– single leg stance, highest and most lateral CoG

(Unsure of exact percentages but the single leg stance times– so like 30 and again at 80)

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15
Q

What side does lateral pelvic tilt occur at?

A

Side of unsupported (swing) leg– keeps CoG from rising too high

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16
Q

Relative adduction of stance hip is controlled by

A

Abductors of stance leg

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17
Q

Purpose of knee flexion at midstane

A

Prevents further rise in CoG

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18
Q

Forward rotation happens on _____ side

A

Swing

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19
Q

Backward rotation occurs on _____ side

A

Stance

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20
Q

Total pelvic rotation during gait

A

8 degrees

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21
Q

Purpose of pelvic rotation in gate

A

Lengthens legs to prevent excessive CoG excursion

If your hips didn’t rotate, your legs wouldn’t really advance you

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22
Q

Kinetic energy lowest at _____, greatest at _______

A 
Lowest = midstance
Greatest = double limb
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23
Q

Potential energy highest at ______, lowest at ______

A

Highest at midstance
Lowest at double limb

Highest when CoG is highest, lowest when CoG is lowest

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24
Q

Tilt ______ with speed

A

Increases

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25
Q

Hip at initial contact

A

30 degrees of flexion– moves into extension as trunk moves over foot

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26
Q

Peak hip extension

A

Terminal stance

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27
Q

Knee at IC

A

5 degrees of flexion

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28
Q

Knee during loading response

A

20 degrees of loading

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29
Q

When does knee move towards extension

A

Terminal stance

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30
Q

Peak knee flexion?

A

Pre to mid swing

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31
Q

At initial contact– ankle is

A

Neutral to slight PF

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32
Q

DF in midstance

A

10 degrees

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33
Q

Plantarflexion mainly occurs

A

During push-off and into initial swing

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34
Q

In swing, ankle….

A

Neutral DF!!!!!

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35
Q

Pelvic drop during loading

A

Contralateral

36
Q

Hip during loading

A

Adducts

37
Q

Ankle– initial contact, stance, rest of stance/swing

A

Inversion IC, Eversion stance, Inversion rest of stance/swing
Supination-pronation-supination

38
Q

Foot transforms from what to what in each gait cycle?

A

From flexible/shock absorber

To a rigid elver

39
Q

Eversion in stance…

A

Adds flexibility to midfoot

40
Q

Late stance STJ

A

Arch rises, STJ supinate to add rigidity and prepare foot to support large loads

41
Q

Pelvis rotation IC – stance – swing

A

Contralateral posterior, contralateral anterior, ipsilateral anterior

-hip internally/externally rotates in response to this rotation

42
Q

Shoulder girdle rotates ______ direction of pelvis

A

Opposite

43
Q

Restriction in trunk motion

A

Increases energy expenditure

44
Q

Max shoulder extension

A

Heel contact

45
Q

Max flexion of shoulder

A

Double limb support

Shoulder moves in opposite direction of hips/trunk

46
Q

Vertical GRF in walking gait

A

Double hump– IC and push off

47
Q

A/P GRF in walking gait

A

Posterior in IC, then anterior in push off

48
Q

Sagittarius plane internal moments at IC

A

Hip extensor moment
Knee flexor moment
Dorsiflexor moment

49
Q

Sagittal plane internal moment at foot flat

A

Hip extensor
Knee extensor
DF

50
Q

Sagittal plane internal moment at midstance

A

Hip flexor
Knee flexor
PF

51
Q

Sagittal plane internal moment in heel off

A

Hip flexor
Knee flexor
Dorsiflexor
Toe flexor

52
Q

Sagittal plane internal moment in toe off

A

Hip flexor
Knee extensor
Plantarflexor
Toe flexor

53
Q

Summary of joints at initial contact

A

Flexed hip, minimally flexed knee, neutral / pf ankle

54
Q

External moments at initial contact

A

Hip flexed/adducted, knee extended, ankle plantarflexed

55
Q

Muscle activity at initial contact

A

Hip extensors

Pre-tibials to control DF (ant tib , ext digitorum, ext hallucis)

56
Q

Critical event at loading response

A
  • shock absorption by quads/hip extensors

- restrained ankle PF

57
Q

Muscle activity at loading response

A
  • Pretib muscle slow foot drop rate (eccentric)
  • Quads limit knee flexion (most action here–eccentric)
  • Gluts/adductor magnus prevent further flexion
  • Hip abductors control pelvic drop/hip adduction
58
Q

Phase of greatest muscle activity and why?

A

Loading response– most amount of eccentric contraction by multiple muscle groups.

59
Q

Critical events in midstance

A
  • forward progression
  • knee extension increases stability
  • pelvic stabilization maintains upright trunk
60
Q

External moments in midstance

A

Ankle Df
Knee flexion
Hip flexion
Hip adduction

61
Q

Muscle activity in midstance

A

Eccentric gastroc/soleus
Eccentric glutes and adductor
Quads-knee stability

62
Q

Critical events in terminal stance

A
  • body wt advances beyond area of support

- free forward fall of body

63
Q

External moments in terminal stance

A

Dorsiflexion
Knee flexion
Hip extension to hyperextension

64
Q

Muscle activity in terminal stance

A

Strong gastroc/soleus (soleus advances tibia!!)

65
Q

Critical event in pre-swing

A

Knee flexion

66
Q

Moments at pre-swing

A

ankle df
Hip extension
Knee extension

67
Q

Muscle activity in pre-swing

A

Gastroc slowly decreases activity

68
Q

Critical events in initial swing

A

Knee flexion

Hip flexion

69
Q

Muscle activity in initial swing

A

Iliacus, sartorial/gracious for hip flexion

Pre-tibial- begin lifting the foot

70
Q

Critical events in mid-swing

A

Ankle dorsiflexes to clear floor (it’s in neutral though!)

Hip flexion for limb advancement

71
Q

Muscle activity in mid-swing

A

Minimal pre-tib and hip flexion

Hamstrings begin firing at the end

72
Q

Critical events in terminal swing

A

Hip decelaration
Knee deceleration
Knee extension
Ankle DF

73
Q

Muscle activity in terminal swing

A

HS restrain hip flexion, control tibial momentum
End: quads fire to complete knee extension
Pre-tibials ensure control of dorsiflexion

74
Q

Weakness examples in abnormal gait

A

Disuse atrophy

Neuro impairment

75
Q

Sensory loss issue in gait

A

Proprioception

76
Q

Impaired motor control examples

A

Spasticity
Timing
Sequencing

77
Q

Pain in abnormal gait will cause

A

Tissue limits
Swelling
Arthritis

78
Q

Consequences of excessive PF in stance

A

Limits progression
Shortened stride length
Reduced gait velocity

79
Q

Consequences of excessive plantarflexion in swing

A

Obstructs limb advancement (toe drag)

80
Q

Consequence of inadequate knee flexion in loading response

A

Reduces shock absorption

81
Q

Consequences of inadequate knee flexion in pre-swing

A

Difficult toe-off

Greater hip flexion required

82
Q

Consequences of inadequate knee flexion in initial swing

A

Toe drag

83
Q

Consequence of inadequate knee flexion in mid swing

A

Limited hip flexion will also occur

84
Q

Inadequate hip extension in midstance

A

Forward trunk lean
Lumbar spine lordosis
Flexed knees

85
Q

Consequences of inadequate hip extension in terminal stance?

A

Possible anterior pelvic tilt
Shortened step length
Possibly increased knee flexion

Kines Final (11 decks)

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