Foot and Ankle

Question 1

What is the ankle joint?

Answer 1

Talocrural

Question 2

What is the foot?

Answer 2

All tarsal bones and joints distal to TC

Question 3

What comprises rearfoot?

Answer 3

Talus, calcaneus, subtalar joint

Question 4

What comprises midfoot?

Answer 4

Five tarsal bones

Question 5

What comprises forefoot?

Answer 5

Metatarsals, phalanges

Question 6

Describe distal tibia…

Answer 6

Torsion of long axis of tibia 20-30 degrees*

Question 7

What forms ankle mortis?

Answer 7

Malleoli

Question 8

what creates toe out

Answer 8

tibial and femoral torsion

Question 9

Hip anteversion causes the foot to..

Answer 9

Toe in

Question 10

Hip retroversion causes the foot to…

Answer 10

Toe out

Question 11

Which bone joins the foot to the leg?

Answer 11

Talus–no muscular attachments, mainly covered in articular cartilage

Question 12

All motion in the talus is…

Answer 12

Passive

Question 13

Talus articulates with _____ inferiorly and _____ superiorly

Answer 13

Superior: Ankle Mortis
Inferior: Calcaneus

Question 14

Attachment point for posterior tib

Answer 14

Navicular

Question 15

Important bone to assess bilaterally for differences (foot)

Answer 15

Cuboid

Question 16

Metatarsals have ____ base and ______ head

Answer 16

Concave base, convex head

Question 17

Why are metatarsals arched?

Answer 17

To support more weight, provide space for muscles and tendons

Question 18

Dorsi/P F

• plane
• AOR

Answer 18

sagittal plane

med-lat AOR

Question 19

inv/ev

• plane
• AOR

Answer 19

frontal plane

ant-post AOR

Question 20

abd/add

• plane
• AOR

Answer 20

transverse plane

vertical AOR

Question 21

Pronation AOR, motion combo

Answer 21

• oblique AOR

- dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction

Question 22

Supination AOR, motion combo

Answer 22

• oblique AOR

- plantarflexion, inversion, adduction

Question 23

What type of joint is proximal TF?

Answer 23

Synovial- but firm to transfer biceps fem and LCL force

Question 24

What type of joint is distal TF?

Answer 24

Syndesmosis

-ligaments limit motion

Question 25

Why is eversion harder than inversion?

Answer 25

Because fibula projects more inferiorly- lateral malleolus blocks to movement

Question 26

90-95 percent of compressive forces pass thru

Answer 26

talus and tibia

Question 27

Function of deltoid ligament

Answer 27

limits excessive eversion -- reason it's less commonly sprained than LCL

Question 28

Open chain AK at TC joint

Answer 28

Convex talus on concave mortis--roll and glide in opposite directions

Question 29

AK of dorsiflexion

Answer 29

posterior glide, anterior roll

Question 30

AK of plantarflexion

Answer 30

anterior glide, posterior roll

Question 31

Lateral Collateral Ligaments ankle

Answer 31

Ant/Post talofibular | Calcaneofibular

Question 32

LCL (ankle) function

Answer 32

Controls varus stress (inversion)

Question 33

ATFL checks

Answer 33

inversion w/pf

Question 34

CFL checks

Answer 34

inversion with df

Question 35

PTFL function

Answer 35

stabilized tals in mortise

Question 36

TC joint DoF Axis What is close-packed?

Answer 36

one DoF-- df/pf oblique axis cp = df

Question 37

Dorsiflexion: - Occurs with - Min necessary for normal function

Answer 37

- Slight abd/ev | - 10 degrees

Question 38

Plantarflexion: - Occurs with - Normal range

Answer 38

- Slight add/inv | - Normal range 20-50

Question 39

abduction/adduction axis

Answer 39

vertical

Question 40

dorsiflexion/plantarflexion axis

Answer 40

medial-lateral

Question 41

Subtalar joint formed by

Answer 41

posterior, middle, anterior facets of calcaneus and talus

Question 42

close packed position for subtalar joint

Answer 42

supination

Question 43

inv/ev axis

Answer 43

atero-posterior

Question 44

Talonavicular joint function

Answer 44

mobility- twisting of midfoot relative to rearfoot

Question 45

what conv/concavv=e structures in TN joint?

Answer 45

convex talus with concave navicular

Question 46

Does calcaneocuboid joint allow more or less motion than talonavicular?

Answer 46

less

Question 47

When do we utilize the spring ligament of the talonavicular joint?

Answer 47

when walking on unstable surfaces

Question 48

Which joint transitions hindfoot and forefoot?

Answer 48

Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint

Question 49

Purpose of TT joint

Answer 49

adds to overall ROM of supination/pronation

Question 50

What is the main function of Lisfranc's joint?

Answer 50

TMT joint-- position metatarsals and phalanges relative to weight bearing surface

Question 51

How do metatarsal movements become oppsoite of ankle?

Answer 51

at midfoot joint, df causes inversion, plantarflexion causes eversion

Question 52

Which toe digit is used to reference abduction/adduction?

Answer 52

Second digit

Question 53

What is hallux rigidis?

Answer 53

Limited first mtp extension which is important for gait so must be treated!

Question 54

Most important aspect of mtp joint in gait

Answer 54

Need extension in first mtp for toe off in gait!

Question 55

Functions of IP joints

Answer 55

Smooth the weight shift to the opposite foot during gait | Maintain stability

Question 56

Function of Medial Longitudinal Arch

Answer 56

Loadbearing/shock absorbing

Question 57

What is the medial longitudinal arch formed by?

Answer 57

``` Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuneiforms 3 Metatarsals (middle three) ```

Question 58

Plantar aponeurosis orig/ins

Answer 58

From calcaneus to proximal phalanx of each toe

Question 59

How to increase tension in plantar fascia? Function of PF?

Answer 59

- Increase tension: active/passive toe extension | - Function = support MLA

Question 60

Rearfoot shock absorption function of MLL

Answer 60

WB depresses talus inferiorly which flattens MLA--rearfoot pronation

Question 61

What occurs in an abnormally dropped medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 61

Plantar fascia becomes overstretched and weakened so it cannot dissipate or accept body weight

Question 62

What is the transverse arch formed by?

Answer 62

Intercuneiform and cuneocuboid joint complex

Question 63

What happens to the transverse arch during WB and why?

Answer 63

It flattens during WB which allows weight distribution across all five metatarsal heads.

Question 64

What is coupled with rear foot inversion?

Answer 64

Tibial external rotation

Question 65

What is coupled with rearfoot eversion?

Answer 65

Tibial internal rotation

Question 66

Superficial ankle plantarflexors and supinators

Answer 66

Gastroc, soleus, plantaris

Question 67

Deep ankle plantarflexors and supinators

Answer 67

Tibialis posterior, FDL, FHL

Question 68

Roles ofa nkle plantarflexors adn supinators in gait

Answer 68

Decelerate forward tibial translation (eccentric) Accelerate body fwd/upwards (conc) Stabilize knee extension

Question 69

Ankle dorsiflexors

Answer 69

Tibialis anterior, EHL, EDL, peroneals

Question 70

Peroneus longus and brevis are primary...

Answer 70

everters-- decelerate rate/extent of supination at subtalar jt

Question 71

When are peroneals most active?

Answer 71

Mid to late stance

Question 72

Common pathologies at foot

Answer 72

plantar fasciitis, heel spurs, hallux valgus/varus, hallux rigidus, pes planus/cavus, lateral ankle sprain/chronic ankle instability

Question 73

What is hallux valgus?

Answer 73

bunion-- lateral deviation of big toe relative to midline