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CP I > GA 4 Superior and posterior mediastinum > Flashcards

GA 4 Superior and posterior mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Esophagus and its regions?

A

Esophagus (joining the Laryngopharynx to the Stomach, double layered, muscular tube with an internal circular layer and external longitudinal layer, the upper two thirds of the Esophagus is a combination of both Smooth and Skeletal Muscle)

  • Regions of the Esophagus
    • Cervical Part (see Neck)
    • Thoracic Part (between T1 and the Esophageal Hiatus of the Thoracic Diaphragm, travels through the Posterior Mediastinum)
    • Abdominal Part (see Abdomen)
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2
Q

constrictions of the esophagus

A
  • At the Cricopharyngeus M. (clinically referred to as the Upper Esophageal Sphincter)
  • At the Aortic Arch
  • At the Left Bronchus
  • At the Esophageal Hiatus of the Thoracic Diaphragm (clinically referred to as the Lower Esophageal Sphincter)
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3
Q
A

Vagus N. (CN X; enters the Thorax through Superior Thoracic Aperture, produces the Left Recurrent Laryngeal N., the Pulmonary and Inferior Cardiac Branches then travels to the Posterior Mediastinum to produce Esophageal branches on the Esophagus, immediately proximal to entering the Abdomen the Vagus nerves become an Anterior and Posterior Vagal Trunk on the anterior and posterior surface of the Esophagus)

  • Left Recurrent Laryngeal N. (loops under Aortic Arch and Ligamentum Arteriosum to return to the Larynx)
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4
Q
A
  1. Superior Cardiac Branch (originates in the Neck descends through the Superior Thoracic Aperture, and with the Cardiac Splanchnic Ns. forms the Cardiac Plexus)
  2. Middle Cardiac Branch (originates in the Neck descends through the Superior Thoracic Aperture, and with the Cardiac Splanchnic Ns. forms the Cardiac Plexus)
  3. Inferior Cardiac Branch (originates in the Thorax, and with the Cardiac Splanchnic Ns. forms the Cardiac Plexus)
  4. Pulmonary Branches (originates in the Thorax, and with the Pulmonary Splanchnic Ns. forms the Pulmonary Plexus)
  5. Esophageal Branches (after producing Pulmonary Branches the Vagus nerve becomes indistinguishable from the Esophageal Plexus that covers the inferior 2/3 of the Esophagus)
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5
Q
A
  • Anterior Vagal Trunk (derived primarily from the Left Vagus N., anterior to the Esophagus, enters the Abdomen through the Esophageal Hiatus)
  • Posterior Vagal Trunk (derived primarily from the Right Vagus N., posterior to the Esophagus, enters the Abdomen through the Esophageal Hiatus)
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6
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A
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7
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A
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8
Q
A

Phrenic N. (Anterior rami of C3-5; travels through the Superior Thoracic Aperture, into the space between Mediastinal Parietal Pleura and Fibrous Pericardium, innervate the Thoracic Diaphragm, conveys sensory information from central Diaphragmatic and Mediastinal Pleura and the Pericardium)

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9
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves?

A

Intercostal N. (1st -11th pair of Anterior Rami of Thoracic Spinal Nerves, travel along the inferior edge of the superior Rib in the Intercostal Space between Internal and Innermost Intercostal Ms., innervates Skin, Subcutaneous Tissue, Musculature and Costal and Diaphragmatic Parietal Pleura)

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10
Q
A

Typical

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11
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A
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Atypical nerves (thoracic)

First atypical?

what makes it atypical?

A

1st (no cutaneous branches and majority superior portion joins the Brachial Plexus)

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14
Q

Atypical nerves (thoracic)

the second atypical N.

what makes it atypical?

A

2nd (majority travels in the Costal Groove as a Typical Intercostal N. with a small part joining with Brachial Plexus, the Lateral Cutaneous Branch supplies the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue of the Axilla and is called an Intercostobrachial N.)

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15
Q

Atypical nerves (thoracic)

3rd set of atypical nerves?

what makes them atypical?

A

7th – 11th (begin as Intercostal N. but as they travel anteriorly cease to exist between Ribs and transition over the Abdomen to become Thoracoabdominal N.)

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16
Q
A
17
Q

sympathetic division of ANS

what name (gives position)

A

Thoracolumbar

18
Q

Presynaptic cell body is where?

A

Cell Bodies exist in the Lateral Horn of the Spinal Cord

19
Q

Presynaptic fiber is where?

A
  • Presynaptic Fibers (short)
    • Cell Bodies exist in the Lateral Horn of the Spinal Cord
    • Always travels in the Anterior Root
    • Always travels into the Anterior Ramus
    • Quickly exit Anterior Ramus and enters the Paravertebral Ganglia
20
Q
A
21
Q

Synaptic options

Option one

A
22
Q

Synaptic options

option 2

A

Presynaptic Fibers can enter the Paravertebral Ganglion ascend or descend to synapse on a Postsynaptic Neuron a different spinal level

23
Q

synaptic options

option 3

A

Presynaptic Fibers can enter the Paravertebral Ganglion and exit without synapsing and continue on through an Abdominopelvic Splanchnic Nerve on their way to a Postsynaptic Neuron in Prevertebral Ganglion

24
Q

Postsynaptic fibers and bodies in sympathetic (thoracolumbar)

two locations?

A
25
Q
A

Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk (Paravertebral Sympathetic Ganglia, location of Presynaptic Sympathetic Nerve Fibers synapsing onto long Postsynaptic Nerve Cell Bodies)

26
Q
A

Cardiopulmonary Splanchnic Nerves
1. Cardiac Splanchnic N.(Presynaptic Cell Bodies in the Lateral Horn of the Spinal Cord at levels T1-5 or 6 synapse onto Postsynaptic Cell Bodies in the Cervical and Thoracic Sympathetic Trunks which send fibers to the Superficial and Deep Cardiac Plexuses)

  1. Pulmonary Splanchnic N. (Presynaptic Cell Bodies in the Lateral Horn of the Spinal Cord at levels T2-3 synapse onto Postsynaptic Cell Bodies in the Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk which sends fibers to the Pulmonary Plexus)
27
Q
A

Abdominopelvic Splanchnic Nerves (travel from the Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk to corresponding Prevertebral ganglia in the Abdomen)

  • Greater Splanchnic Nerve (T5-9 or 10; sends fibers to the Esophageal Plexus and to the Celiac Ganglion in the Abdomen, which then feeds into the Celiac Plexus)
  • Lesser Splanchnic Nerve (T10 and T11; sends fibers to the Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Ganglion in the Abdomen, which then feeds into the Superior Mesenteric Plexus)
  • Least Splanchnic Nerve (T12; sends fibers to the Aorticorenal Ganglion in the Abdomen)
28
Q

Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System (Craniosacral CN III, VII, IX and X, S2-4)

29
Q

Parasympathetic presynaptic fibers

A

Presynaptic Fibers (long)

  • Nuclei in the Brain Stem and Sacral Spinal levels
  • Cranial component exits as Cranial Nerves
    • Oculomotor N. (CN III)
    • Facial N. (CN VII)
    • Glossopharyngeal N. (CN IX)
    • Vagus N. (CN X)
  • Sacral Component exits Spinal Levels as Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves)
30
Q

Postsynaptic fibers

A

usually short, with Ganglia/ Postsynaptic Neurons near or in the target organ

  • Nuclei are in four Specific Cranial Ganglia or in the wall of the target organ)
  • IntrinsicParasympatheticGanglia(Postsynaptic parasympathetic Cell Bodies located in the walls of target​ organs)
31
Q

Parasympathetic in the thorax?

A
  • SuperiorCardiacBranch(originatesintheNeck descends through the Superior Thoracic Aperture, and with the Cardiac Splanchnic Ns. forms the Cardiac Plexus)
  • Middle Cardiac Branch (originates in the Neck descends through the Superior Thoracic Aperture, and with the Cardiac Splanchnic Ns. forms the Cardiac Plexus)
  • Inferior Cardiac Branch (originates in the Thorax, and with the Cardiac Splanchnic Ns. forms the Cardiac Plexus)
  • Pulmonary Branches (originates in the Thorax, and with the Pulmonary Splanchnic Ns. forms the Pulmonary Plexus)
  • Esophageal Branches (after producing Pulmonary Branches the Vagus nerve becomes indistinguishable from the Esophageal Plexus that covers the inferior 2/3 of the Esophagus)
32
Q
A
33
Q

Pulmonary Plexus

sympathetic contribution?

parasympathetic contribution?

A

Function (Sympathetic: as a bronchodilator to the Bronchi and Bronchioles, as an inhibitor to the Glands of the Bronchi and Bronchioles, as a vasoconstrictor to the Pulmonary Vessels, and visceral sensory from Lungs, Bronchi and Pleurae; Parasympathetic: as a bronchoconstrictor to the Bronchi and Bronchioles, secretomotor to the Glands of the Bronchi and Bronchioles and as a vasodilator to the Pulmonary Vessels, sensory from the Bronchial mucosa (cough reflex) stretch receptors from the bronchial musculature, reflexive from the interalveolar connective tissue, pressure sensory from the Pulmonary A. and chemoreceptor from the Pulmonary V.)

34
Q

Cardiac plexus

sympathetic contribution?

parasympathetic contribution?

divisions?

A

Function (Sympathetic: innervation of Nodal tissue increases Heart Rate and the force of Heart contractions, vasomotor to the Pericardium; Parasympathetic: innervation decreases Heart Rate, reduces the force of Heart contraction and Vasoconstricts Coronary arteries)

  1. Superficial Cardiac Plexus (covers the anterior surface of the Aorta)
  2. Deep Cardiac Plexus (exist anterior to the bifurcation of the Trachea, posterior to the Aortic Arch, superior to the bifurcation of the Pulmonary Trunk)
35
Q

Aortic plexus

sympathetic contribution?

parasympathetic contribution?

A

Aortic Plexus (mixed Sympathetic and Parasympathetic, continuous superiorly with the Superficial Cardiac Plexus, continues inferiorly as the Aortic Plexus in the Abdomen, feeds into the Intermesenteric Plexus)

36
Q

Esophageal plexus

sympathetic contribution?

parasympathetic contribution?

A

Esophageal Plexus (mixed Sympathetic and Parasympathetic to the Esophagus, Sympathetic input from Greater Splanchnic N. and Aortic Plexus; Parasympathetic input from the Esophageal Branches of the Vagus N.)

  1. Function (Sympathetic: inhibit Peristalsis and Esophageal Glands; Parasympathetic: stimulates Peristalsis and esophageal glands)

CP I (21 decks)

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