GA 2 pulmonology

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Surfaces of the lungs

Answer 3

Costal Surface (opposes the rib cage)

Mediastinal Surface (opposes the mediastinum)

Diaphragmatic surface (opposes the diaphragm)

Question 4

Surface shown?

which lung?

Answer 4

Question 5

What surface?

Which lung?

Answer 5

Costal surface

Question 6

Blacked out structures?

Which lung?

what closeup structure called?

Answer 6

Right Hilum

Pulmonary A. (typically more superior, thicker- walled of the blood vessels at the Pulmonary Hilum)

Pulmonary V. (typically more anteroinferior, thinnest-walled structure at the Pulmonary Hilum)

Main Bronchi (typically more posteroinferior, thickest-walled structure at the Pulmonary Hilum, also contains cartilage in the wall)

Pulmonary L. (hanging pleura from the root of the lung)

Question 7

Blacked out structures?

Which lung?

What surface?

What structure on surface (zoomed in)?

Answer 7

Left Hilum

Pulmonary A. (typically more superior, thicker- walled of the blood vessels at the Pulmonary Hilum)

Pulmonary V. (typically more anteroinferior, thinnest-walled structure at the Pulmonary Hilum)

Main Bronchi (typically more posteroinferior, thickest-walled structure at the Pulmonary Hilum, also contains cartilage in the wall)

Pulmonary L. (hanging pleura from the root of the lung)

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Borders

Left lung border difference?

Answer 10

Question 11

Lung Cancer

Different treatments?

Answer 11

Can derive from actual lung tissue, or from the Bronchi (Bronchogenic Carcinoma). Lung cancer can involve the Phrenic N., Vagus N. and Recurrent Laryngeal N. due to the proximity of those nerves to the Lungs. Treatment can include removal of a Lung (Pneumonectomy), a lobe of a lung (Lobectomy) or a specific Bronchopulmonary Segment (Segmentectomy) through a procedure called Lung Resection.

Question 12

What are pleura?

Answer 12

Paired serous membranes surrounding the lungs

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Parietal pleura Waht does it adhere to?

sections of the parietal pleura?

Answer 14

Parietal Pleura (adherent to the Thoracic Wall, the Mediastinum and the Diaphragm)

1. Costal Pleura (internal surface of the thoracic wall) 2. Mediastinal Pleura (lateral Mediastinum)
2. Diaphragmatic Pleura (superior Diaphragm)
3. Cervical Pleura (dome shaped over the Apex of the Lung)

Question 15

Visceral Pleura

what is it adherent to?

Answer 15

Visceral Pleura (adherent to the Lungs, extends into the fissures)

Question 16

Pleural Cavity

where is it and what is in it?

Answer 16

Pleural Cavity (potential space between the two layers of Pleura that contains a serous lubricating fluid that reduces friction and produces cohesion through surface tension)

Question 17

Answer 17

Pleuritis (Pleurisy) is an inflammation of the Pleura producing a roughness on the lungs making breathing difficult.

Question 18

Pulmonary collapse?

Answer 18

Pulmonary Collapse occurs when enough air enters the Pleural Cavity to break the surface tension between the two layers of Pleura. The elasticity of the Lungs causes them to collapse.

Question 19

Pneumothorax

Answer 19

Entry of air into the Pleural Cavity from a penetrating wound to the Thoracic Wall or a rupture of a pulmonary lesion into the pleural cavity, which results in a collapse of the lung.

Question 20

Hydrothorax

Answer 20

Accumulation of excess fluid in the Pleural Cavity, usually the result of fluid escape into the Pleural Cavity, or Pleural Effusion.

Question 21

Hemothorax

Answer 21

Accumulation of blood in the Pleural cavity, usually the result of a chest wound, usually the result of laceration of an Intercostal vessel or Internal Thoracic vessel rather than laceration of the lung.

Question 22

Answer 22

Lines of Pleural Reflection (abrupt changes in the direction of Parietal Pleura)

Sternal Line of Pleural Reflection (Costal Pleura becomes Mediastinal Pleura anteriorly)

Costal Line of Pleural Reflection (Costal Pleura becomes Diaphragmatic Pleura)

Vertebral Line of Pleural Reflection (Costal Pleura becomes Mediastinal Pleura posteriorly)

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

Bronchial Asthma

Answer 25

is a widespread narrowing of the airways produced by contraction of smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa and mucus in the lumen of the Bronchi and Bronchioles.

Question 26

Bronchoscopy

Answer 26

Insertion of a Bronchoscope into the trachea to visualize the Main Bronchi.

Question 27

The pathway and structures from a lobar bronchus

(secondary bronchas)

Answer 27

Segmental Bronchi (Tertiary Bronchi, associated with corresponding Bronchopulmonary Segment; branches into Conducting Bronchioles)

Conducting Bronchiole (devoid of cartilage; branches into Terminal Bronchioles)

Terminal Bronchiole (devoid of cartilage; branches into Respiratory Bronchioles)

Respiratory Bronchiole (devoid of cartilage, capable of gas exchange; branches into Alveolar Ducts)

Alveolar Duct (ending at a alveolus, the functional unit of the Lung, the primary site of gas exchange)

Question 28

What is a primary bronchus?

Answer 28

Right Main Bronchus (Primary Bronchus; wider, shorter and runs more vertically than the Left Main Bronchus)

Left Main Bronchus (Primary Bronchus; travels inferolaterally)