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Anatomy > G5 - Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

G5 - Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage and what are its functions?

A

Specialized connective tissue
Supports soft tissues, is the model for fetal bone formation, and involved in wound/fracture healing

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2
Q

List some examples of cartilaginous movable joints.

A

Articulate cartilage
Menisci

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3
Q

List some examples of non-joint cartilaginous structures.

A

Nose, ear, larynx, trachea, intervertebral discs

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4
Q

Cartilage is vascular. T or F?

A

False because it is not innervated —> gives it limited ability for repair

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5
Q

This type of specialized connective tissue is compressible and resilient.

A

Cartilage

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6
Q

What is cartilage composed of?

A

Fibers, ECM with lots of water, contains an anionic charge (acidic)

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7
Q

What are the red arrows pointing at?

A

Cartilage plates, which are areas of new bone growth

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8
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of cartilage made up of?

A

Collagen II, aggrecan (proteoglycans), chondronectin (structural glycoproteins)

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9
Q

What are each of the arrows pointing at?

A

Black arrow = aggrecan (proteoglycan)
Yellow arrow = hyaluronic acid
Green arrow = Collagen type II

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10
Q

What cells are found in cartilage and what is the difference between them?

A

Chondroblasts - young cells that divide and produce ECM
Chondrocytes - mature cells that can also divide

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11
Q

What is an isogenous unit?

A

A cluster of chondrocytes

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12
Q

Where do chondrocytes live in cartilage?

A

Lacunae

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13
Q

What is perichondrium? What are its qualities?

A

Dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage of developing bone

Fibrous, cellular, is vascular so has ability to repair

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14
Q

How is cartilage formed?

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells —> differentiate into chondroblasts —> chondroblasts secrete components of ECM (aggrecan and Collagen II) —> eventually get embedded in matrix, forming chondrocytes within lacunae

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15
Q

What is circled in red with the black arrow pointing to it? What is the other black arrow pointing at?

A

Chondrocyte (can tell is newer because has euchromatic nucleus)
Collagen type II

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16
Q

What are territorial and interterritorial matrix? What is the difference between the two?

A

Territorial = cartilage closer to chondrocytes
Interterritorial = cartilage further from chondrocytes

Territorial stains darker than interterritorial because it has a higher concentration of GAGs, making it basophilic

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17
Q

What is appositional vs interstitial growth?

A

Both refer to growth of cartilage, but appositional occurs because of the presence of the perichondrium whereas interstitial occurs from chondrocytes within cartilage

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18
Q

What are the different types of cartilage? What is the composition of each?

A

Hyaline (glassy) - collagen type II and proteoglycans
Elastic - elastic fibers (ex. Ear, epiglottis)
Fibrocartilage - collagen I (important for mechanics)

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19
Q

What type of cartilage is shown here?

A

Hyaline

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20
Q

What type of cartilage is shown on the left? What about the right?

A

Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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21
Q

What type of cartilage does not have perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage

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22
Q

What is articular cartilage? What nourishes it?

A

Hyaline cartilage at joints
Nourished by synovial fluid, since it has no perichondrium

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23
Q

Can articular cartilage heal from damage well?

A

No because it has no perichondrium so superficial lesions don’t heal

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24
Q

What type of cartilage is shown here? What is the square encasing? What is the blue star showing? The red star? What is scribbled out in black?=

A

Articular cartilage
Chondrocytes
Synovial fluid
Bone marrow cavity
Synovial joint cavity

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25
Q

What will happen if you have a low amount of chondrocytes?

A

Low amount of matrix synthesized and you have damage to cartilage

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26
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Form of cartilage and bone degeneration from mechanical wear and tear

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27
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Occurs when cells of the immune system produce factors that damage cartilage

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28
Q

What is eburnation and when does it occur?

A

Rubbing of bones together, is seen in rheumatoid arthritis patients when cartilage between bones is worn down

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29
Q

What does bone do?

A

Supports and protects fleshy structures and organs, holds calcium and phosphate, houses bone marrow which is the source of our immune cells, vascular function, is constantly remodeling (metabolically active)

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30
Q

Does bone experience interstitial growth?

A

No, no growth from within bone

31
Q

What are the different types of cells found in bone? What do they do?

A

Osteoblasts - form bone (on surface of bone)
Osteocytes - surrounded by bone matrix in lacunae
Osteoclasts - always on the surface, multinucleated and resorb bone (aka release calcium)

32
Q

Do osteocytes divide?

A

No, so you will never find 2 osteocytes together in bone matrix

33
Q

What are shown here?

A

Left arrows - osteoblasts
Right arrows - osteocytes

34
Q

You are observing some osteoblasts and notice that they are big and columnar. Are they inactive or active?

A

Active

35
Q

What is osteoid? What is a major part of it?

A

The organic component of bone synthesized by osteoblasts, collagen type I

36
Q

What is shown in yellow square? What are the black arrows pointing at? What is circled in white?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocyte, osteoclast

37
Q

What is Howship’s lacuna/resorption bay?

A

The depression that occurs on the surface of bone when an osteoclast is resorbing bone

38
Q

What is shown in yellow?

A

Osteoid

39
Q

What is bone matrix mainly made of?

A

Mostly calcium and hydroxyapatite

40
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with each other?

A

They use canaliculi which contain the cell processes of the cells and they specifically communicate using gap junctions

41
Q

What is shown here?

A

This ground up bone shows lacunae that osteocytes used to occupy and canilaculi projections

42
Q

What do matrix metalloproteases do?

A

They break down organic matrix (osteoid)

43
Q

What happens to osteoclasts after they’re formed?

A

They are sealed to surface of bone
Using carbonic anhydrase they create carbonic acid, release H ions into area between sealant and rest of cell which creates a highly acidic environment and can lead to bone resorption

44
Q

Where do osteoblasts originate?

A

From mesenchymal stem cells

45
Q

Where do osteoclasts originate from?

A

PTH released and acts indirectly on monocyte from bone marrow whose RANKL binds to RANK receptor on osteoclast precursor —> mature osteoclast —> bone resorption —> increased Ca2+ levels

46
Q

What is osteoid composed of?

A

Collage type I, osteocalcin, osteoid tin, osteopontin

47
Q

This cell type has Vit D receptor and PTH receptor.

A

Osteoblast

48
Q

What is M-CSF?

A

A growth factor that promotes formation of osteoclasts

49
Q

What is osteocalcin?

A

Protein essential for mineralization of bone

50
Q

What does vitamin D do to osteoblasts?

A

It increases levels of osteocalcin which helps mineralize osteoid

51
Q

What hormones affect osteoclasts?

A

PTH - its release increases number and activity of the clasts
Calcitonin - its release does the opposite

52
Q

Which of the hormones that affect osteoclasts works directly?

A

Calcitonin - directly binds to receptors on osteoclasts

53
Q

Which of the hormones that affect osteoclasts works indirectly?

A

PTH - acts on osteoblasts

54
Q

What are the different types of bone organization?

A

Primary (woven) - immature
Secondary (lamellar) - mature, 80% is compact and 20% is spongy

55
Q

What type of bone organization is shown?

A

Woven bone

56
Q

What type of bone is shown here and what are each of the arrows pointing at?

A

Secondary/lamellar bone
Red - compact/cortical bone
Blue - cancellous/spongy bone

57
Q

Where is cancellous/spongy bone usually found?

A

The ends of long bone

58
Q

What are osteons?

A

The structures that mature bones are organized into

59
Q

These are columns running along the long axis of long bones and have lamellar concentric circles around a main channel.

A

Osteons

60
Q

What is a Haversian canal?

A

The central opening of an osteon that contains BVs and nerves

61
Q

What are Volkmann canals?

A

They are openings perpendicular to the long axis of osteons that connect osteons

62
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Layers of bone matrix

63
Q

What are the arrows pointing at?

A

Haversian canals

64
Q

Which is better for viewing live tissue? Decalcified or ground bone? What about for viewing osteons?

A

Decalcified
Ground

65
Q

What are the different regions of an adult long bone?

A

Epiphysis at ends and diaphysis with marrow cavity in middle. Metaphysis is the transition space between the other two.

66
Q

What is diploë?

A

Trabecular/cancellous/spongy bone found between two plates of compact bone that make up the skull, it houses bone marrow

67
Q

What is the top red arrow pointing at? What about the one on the right?

A

Diploë
Plate

68
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Dense layer of vascular connective tissue that surrounds bone (except at joints)

69
Q

What would you expect to see within outer periosteum?

A

More fibrous tissue

70
Q

What would you expect to see within inner periosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells potentially as it is more active

71
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of bones, including the Haversian canal

72
Q

ID each structure shown here.

A

Left - synovial cavity
Top right - ligament, second - fibrous joint capsule, third - synovial membrane, fourth and fifth - articular/hyaline cartilage covering bone ends

73
Q

What is shown here?

A

Synovial joint and light purple is articular cartilage

74
Q

What does synovial membrane do?

A

Secretes synovial fluid that lines all spaces in the joint capsule, except for the articular cartilage, and sometimes extends in unexpected spaces (bursae)

Anatomy (9 decks)

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