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Anatomy > G4 - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

G4 - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the various supportive functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Stroma of glands and organs (like bookshelves for books)
  2. Medium for metabolic exchange
  3. Structural framework of the body
  4. Protection and defense
  5. Fat storage
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2
Q

ID the epithelium vs connective tissue borders. What type of epithelial tissue is shown here? What are the lighter colored cells in the epithelium?

A

Epithelium above red line and connective tissue below it
Pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells

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3
Q

What is extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Ground substance and fibers

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4
Q

What are the arrows in purple showing vs the arrows in blue?

A

Purple = ground substance
Blue = fibers

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5
Q

What are the arrows in purple showing vs the arrows in blue?

A

Purple = ground substance
Blue = fibers

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6
Q

This type of tissue has a lot of extracellular matrix and a small amount of cells.

A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

What does ground substance consist of?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and non-collagenous glycoproteins (i.e. fibronectin)

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8
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) composed of?

A

hyaluronic acid and disaccharide polymers with sulfate groups

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9
Q

ID what the arrows are pointing at for each number.

A
  1. Collagen fibrils
  2. Hyaluronic acid molecule
  3. Proteoglycan aggregate
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10
Q

What is a proteoglycan aggregate composed of?

A

Hyaluronan which makes up the axis
Core proteins which attach to hyaluronan
GAGs attached to core proteins

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11
Q

What are the arrows pointing at? What is the center axis?

A

GAGs
Center axis = core protein

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12
Q

What does fibronectin do?

A

It binds proteins together and forms networks

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13
Q

What are the types of fibers found in connective tissue?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

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14
Q

This type of fiber does not stain with H&E.

A

Elastic fiber

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15
Q

What are each of the arrows pointing at?

A

Top arrow = collagen
Bottom arrow = elastic fiber

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16
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

To impart tensile strength

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17
Q

What is shown here in dark pink?

A

Collagen bundles

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18
Q

What is the arrow pointing at here?

A

Collagen fibers arranged as fibrils

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19
Q

List some clinical disorders that may result from defects in collagen synthesis.

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Scurvy
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Fibrosis

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20
Q

What is shown here in white?

A

Lung fibrosis

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21
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Excessive scar tissue formation inside the body, aka excessive production of collagen

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22
Q

What are the major types of collagen and what do they make up?

A

Type I - skin, bone, tendon (90% of collagen in body)
Type II - cartilage
Type III - reticular fibers
Type IV - nonfibrilar, in basal lamina and binds to laminin, separates the epithelium from connective tissue

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23
Q

This type of collagen can only be visualized with silver stain.

A

Type III (reticular fibers)

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24
Q

What are the black and red arrows pointing at?

A

Black = hemidesmosomes
Red = basal lamina (type IV collagen)

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25
Q

What are the black arrows pointing at?

A

Reticular fibers (collagen type III)

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26
Q

What do reticular fibers/reticulin (collagen type III) do?

A

They form stroma (supporting network) around functional cells (parenchyma) of many organs

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27
Q

Reticular fibers are argyrophilic. What does this mean?

A

They stain with silver salts

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28
Q

What are the red arrows pointing at?

A

Reticular fibers (collagen type III)

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29
Q

These fibers are more electron dense and have a less regular outline.

A

Elastic fibers

30
Q

What is shown in each of these images?

A

Elastic fibers

31
Q

What is Marfan syndrome, and what is its etiology?

A

An autosomal dominant disorder where patients are tall, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes (arachnodactyly).

It comes about via an inherited defect in the gene coding the protein fibrillin-1. Defective fibrillin then cannot bind TGF-beta resulting in increased TGF-beta tissue levels, and ultimately, excessive growth.

32
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue cells and what do they do?

A

Fixed (resident) cells - develop and remain in CT (long-lived)
Transient cells - develop elsewhere usually (often bone marrow) and migrate into CT and prove important in host defense

33
Q

Give some examples of fixed connective tissue cells.

A

Fibroblasts, adipocytes

34
Q

Give some examples of transient connective tissue cells.

A

Macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, leukocytes

35
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

They synthesize and secrete ECM of CTs
(Myofibroblasts aid in closure of wounds)

36
Q

What are the black arrows pointing at?

A

Fibroblasts

37
Q

What are circled in this EM image?

A

Fibroblasts

38
Q

What is the function of a macrophage? Where does it arise and where can it be found in maturity?

A

Phagocytosis
Bone marrow
Various organs (kupffer cells in liver, microglia in brain, alveolar cells in lungs)

39
Q

These connective tissue cells are important for maintaining the tissue environment, have lots of lysosomes in them, and migrate.

A

Macrophages

40
Q

What are the red arrows pointing at?

A

Macrophages

41
Q

What is being shown here?

A

A macrophage performing endocytosis

42
Q

What is the function of mast cells? Where do they originate and where can they be found?

A

They release granules in response to an allergen and commence an allergic reaction

They originate in the bone marrow and can be found around blood vessels and nerve endings, and in lamina propria

NOT PRESENT IN CNS

43
Q

What are the granules of mast cells composed of?

A

Vasoactive mediators (heparin, histamine) and leukocyte chemotactic factors

44
Q

What are the red arrows pointing at?

A

Mast cells

45
Q

What is being shown in this EM image?

A

Mast cell

46
Q

What do plasma cells do and what are some of their characteristics that can help ID them?

A

They produce antibodies

They have an off-center nucleus with a “clock face” pattern
Their cytoplasm is basophilic, so if using an H&E would stain blue
They have negative golgi which appear as a lighter area near the nucleus

47
Q

What is being shown here? (Ignore random black line)

A

Plasma cell

48
Q

What are the white arrows pointing at?

A

Negative golgi of plasma cells

49
Q

These connective tissue cells are transient, include lymphocytes and granulocytes, and are part of the adaptive immune response.

A

leukocytes

50
Q

What are the red arrows pointing at?

A

Leukocytes

51
Q

What are these images (LM and EM) showing? What are these cells important for?

A

White adipocytes
Energy storage and lipid storage

52
Q

What cells are shown here and what is their function? Why do they stain pink?

A

Brown adipocytes
Production of heat by breaking down lipids
They are eosinophilic due to their numerous mitochondria

53
Q

What are the different classifications of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic (mesenchyme and mucoid)
CT Proper (loose/areolar, dense (dense irregular and dense regular), and elastic)
Special CT (reticular tissue (stroma) and adipose tissue)

54
Q

What germ layers does epithelium originate from?

A

All three! Ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm

55
Q

What cells are the arrows pointing at??=

A

Mesenchymal cells

56
Q

Where are mesenchymal stem cells mainly isolated from?

A

Bone marrow, cord blood, adipose tissue, and the developing tooth bud

57
Q

What is the arrow pointing at?

A

Mucosal connective tissue cells

58
Q

What is Wharton’s jelly?

A

The ground substance for mucous CT that’s rich in hyaluronic acid

59
Q

What type of connective tissue is shown here?

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

60
Q

This type of connective tissue has more ground substance than collagen I fibers.

A

Loose (areolar) CT

61
Q

This type of connective tissue has more collagen I fibers than ground substance.

A

Dense CT

62
Q

What is the function of loose CT?

A

Support the epithelium (lamina propria), fill the space between muscle and nerves, and surround small blood vessels (richly vascularized)

63
Q

What type of connective tissue is shown here? How do you know?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
There are more collagen fibers than ground substance and the collagen bundles are running in all different directions

64
Q

This type of connective tissue is less flexible and more stress resistance than loose CT.

A

Dense irregular CT

65
Q

What is the black arrow pointing at?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

66
Q

What are the black arrows pointing at and what connective tissue type is this?

A

Fibroblasts
Dense regular CT

67
Q

What are the black arrows pointing at and what connective tissue type is this?

A

Fibroblasts
Dense regular CT

68
Q

What type of connective tissue is shown here? And what do they do?

A

Dense regular CT (aka tendon)
Usually attach muscle to bone

69
Q

What type of connective tissue is shown here?

A

Elastic tissue

70
Q

What is the red arrow pointing at and what type of connective tissue is this?

A

Reticular cells
Reticular CT

71
Q

What are each of the arrows pointing at?

A

Top arrow - white fat
Bottom arrow - brown fat

Anatomy (7 decks)

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