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Anatomy > G22/23 - Early Development > Flashcards

G22/23 - Early Development Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

The lateral part of the uterine tube

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2
Q

How does sperm enter the secondary oocyte?

A

Coat of enzymes on sperm break down the protective protein coat on the wall of the secondary oocyte when contacts it and can then burrow its way inside

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3
Q

When can the secondary oocyte be considered an ovum/egg?

A

Once the sperm has entered it because this process triggers a reaction inside the secondary oocyte that completes its meiotic division, thus making it an ovum

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4
Q

How is the zygote formed and how many chromosomes does it have?

A

By the fusion of the sperm male DNA and egg female DNA, 2n = 46

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5
Q

What purpose does the protein coat on the surface of the secondary oocyte changing after fusion serve? What is this new outer surface called?

A

It makes the secondary oocyte impenetrable to additional sperms
Zone pellucida

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6
Q

What are the daughter cells called once rapid cell division begins in the pre-embryonic period?

A

Blastomeres

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7
Q

What happens after formation of blastomeres? What stage of development are we in?

A

Pre-embryonic period
Over 2-3 days, ball of blastomeres will migrate down the uterine tube toward the uterine cavity

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8
Q

3 days post-fertilization, we have a _______. What are some characteristics of the _______ at this stage?

A

Morula (solid clump of cells)

1.) The zona pellucida is still in place
2.) blastomeres inside morula have organized themselves into 2 separate cell populations, the trophoblast (outer shell) and inner cell mass/embryoblast

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9
Q

What will the cells of the trophoblast contribute to?

A

Fetal parts of the placenta

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10
Q

What will the cells of the inner cell mass/embryoblast contribute to?

A

The future embryo

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11
Q

What happens on ~day 4 post-fertilization?

A

The morula enters the uterine cavity, and takes up fluid from inside the uterus, which pushes the inner cell mass to one side and leaves us with a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocyst and the zona pellucida and trophoblast still intact

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12
Q

What happens once the blastocyst forms?

A

It stays in the uterine cavity for a few days, and then once it’s ready to implant, it hatches out of the zona pellucida, orients itself so that its inner cell mass/embryoblast is closes to the uterine wall and then implants in the uterine wall

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13
Q

What happens once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall?

A

It’s trophoblast releases enzymes that start to erode the uterine wall

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14
Q

What is the most typical site of blastocyst implantation?

A

Posterior wall of uterus

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15
Q

What do we call an abnormal blastocyst implantation? What is an example? Is it viable? Why/why not?

A

An ectopic pregnancy

Ex.) implantation in the uterine tube (tubal pregnancy) - not viable because there is insufficient blood supply and the uterine tube can rupture

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16
Q

What is considered the end of week 1 of development?

A

The blastocyst implanting into the uterine wall and its trophoblast releasing enzymes that erode the wall

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17
Q

What happens after week 1 of development ends?

A

The trophoblast of the blastocyst divides into 2 layers of cells:
1.) cytotrophoblast (inner cell layer that keeps ball shape)
2.) syncytiotrophoblast (outer cell layer)

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18
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast do and what does it originate from?

A

From the outer layer of the trophoblast of the blastocyst

Produces enzymes that continue to erode into the uterine wall and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone

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19
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and what does it do?

A

Hormone stimulated by the syncytiotrophoblast

Stimulates progesterone which helps maintain the uterine lining during early pregnancy and functions to let someone know they’re pregnant because picked up by urine pregnancy test

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20
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast break down into?

A

A multi-nucleate mass

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21
Q

What happens after the trophoblast is done breaking down?

A

It’s the embryoblast/inner cell mass’s turn and it divides into 2 layers of cells:
1.) epiblast (dorsal surface)
2.) hypoblast (underneath epiblast)

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22
Q

What do the epiblast and hypoblast do?

A

They proliferate and create fluid-filled cavities on either side of themselves called the amniotic cavity and yolk cavity, respectively

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23
Q

What is the bilaminar embryonic disc composed of?

A

Epiblast/amniotic cavity + hypoblast/yolk cavity

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24
Q

What happens after the amniotic and yolk cavities have formed?

A

The epiblast begins producing extra-embryonic mesoderm that will proliferate, surround both cavities, and pack in around the inner wall of the trophoblast shell

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25
Q

What is the amnion and what forms it?

A

The earliest part of the amniotic sac

Formed by extra-embryonic mesoderm + amniotic cavity

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26
Q

Where does the yolk sac form?

A

On the inferior surface of the bilaminar embryonic disc, around the hypoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm

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27
Q

This is a type of connective tissue that is free floating

A

Mesoderm

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28
Q

Once it has packed in around the inner wall of the trophoblast shell, what does the extra-embryonic mesoderm do?

A

1.) It helps to create new tissue, along with the cytotrophoblast and and syncytiotrophoblast, called the chorion
2.) Creates body stalk that anchors the developing embryo to the wall of the trophoblast

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29
Q

What does the chorion contribute to?

A

The fetal parts of the placenta

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30
Q

What does the body stalk eventually turn into?

A

The umbilical cord after additional modifications

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31
Q

How long does the pre-embryonic period last?

A

1-2 weeks

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32
Q

What process marks the start of the embryonic period? What does this process do?

A

Gastrulation beginning which converts the 2-layered embryonic disc to a 3-layered disc made up of the primary germ layers

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33
Q

What are the names of the primary germ layers and what will all of them collectively give rise to?

A

Ectoderm (outermost), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (innermost) will give rise to all of the structures in the body

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34
Q

How does gastrulation begin?

A

Structures first start forming in the epiblast which creates a head and tail end

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35
Q

What happens at the tail end of the disc during gastrulation?

A

A furrow forms on the surface of the epiblast called the primitive streak and epiblast cells start migrating inward toward the streak and 1.) fill the the space between the epiblast and hypoblast and 2.) displace some underlying hypoblast cells, pushing them out into the yolk sac and they form the endoderm

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36
Q

What happens once the endoderm is formed?

A

More epiblast cells keep migrating inward in the space between the epiblast and endoderm, creating the mesoderm

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37
Q

How is the ectoderm formed?

A

The epiblast cells that never migrated into the space between and remain on the surface make up the ectoderm

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38
Q

What are each of the primary germ layers associated with?

A

Endoderm is associated with the yolk sac below it
Ectoderm is associated with the amniotic sac above it
Mesoderm can be:
1.) mesenchymal and its cells migrate freely throughout the embryo
2.) epithelia in some places

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39
Q

What type of tissue are endoderm and ectoderm?

A

Epithelial

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40
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the epidermis of the skin, sweat glands, hair, and nails?

A

Ectoderm

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41
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the mouth and nasal cavity?

A

Ectoderm

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42
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the cornea and lens of the eye?

A

Ectoderm

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43
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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44
Q

What germ layer gives rise to most of the skeleton and skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

Mesoderm

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45
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the smooth muscle of the GI, respiratory, and urinary systems?

A

Mesoderm

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46
Q

What germ layer gives rise to blood and lymphatic vessels?

A

Mesoderm

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47
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the gonads and reproductive organs (uterus, vas deferents)?

A

Mesoderm

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48
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the dermis of the skin?

A

Mesoderm

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49
Q

What germ layer gives rise to serous membranes?

A

Mesoderm

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50
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the GI and respiratory systems?

A

Endoderm

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51
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the internal lining of the urethra and bladder?

A

Endoderm

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52
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the liver?

A

Endoderm

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53
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the pancreas?

A

Endoderm

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54
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the thymus?

A

Endoderm

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55
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Endoderm

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56
Q

When can we call the the developing embryo the trilaminar embryonic disc?

A

After the formation of the 3 primary germ layers

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57
Q

What is found at the head end of the trilaminar embryonic disc? What will it contribute to?

A

The oropharyngeal membrane - the future mouth opening of the gut tube

58
Q

What is found at the tail end of the trilaminar embryonic disc? What will it contribute to?

A

The cloacal membrane - future anus of the gut tube

59
Q

What happens once the 3 germ layers have formed?

A

The mesoderm starts to migrate and condenses into a midline rod structure called the notochord that runs along the length of the embryo

60
Q

What is the function of the notochord?

A

Adds stability/rigidity to the trilaminar embryonic disc

61
Q

What does formation of the notochord initiate?

A

Biomolecular signaling with the surface ectoderm and this initiates neurulation

62
Q

What occurs during neurulation?

A

Signaling between the notochord and overlying ectoderm causes the ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate/neuroectoderm

63
Q

What does the neural plate do?

A

It sinks into the embryo and creates a neural groove on the dorsal surface with neural folds on the edges of the groove that approximate each other more and more until they close up and the neural tube officially forms

64
Q

Where does neural closure begin?

A

Near the neck region of the embryo, then it simultaneously zippers upward toward the head and downward toward the tail

65
Q

When do neural crest cells form and how do they form?

A

Upon the neural folds fusing together and some of their cells also sinking into the embryo with the neural tube
The neural folds cells that went down are now the neural crest cells

66
Q

What type of cells are neural crest cells and what do they give rise to?

A

Mesenchymal

Give rise to ganglia of PNS, Schwann cells, melanocytes, facial bones, cranial connective tissue, parts of the eyeball

67
Q

What happens when the neural tube fails to close from the neck region down?

A

Get disrupted formation of vertebrae around the tube and an open cleft which exposes the spinal cord and ultimately leads to a condition caused spina bifida

68
Q

What happens if the neural tube fails to close in the head region?

A

Can lead to anencephaly (severely underdeveloped brain)

69
Q

How did Zika virus lead to increased cases of anencephaly in 2015-2016?

A

The virus disrupted the development of the neural tube (failed to close in head region) and brain

70
Q

What happens once the neural tube closes?

A

Intra-embryonic mesoderm begins to differentiate inside the embryo

71
Q

What are the different regions of the intra-embryonic mesoderm and what do they give rise to?

A

Paraxial mesoderm (region closest to neural tube on either side) - somites (blocks of tissue) from neck-down
Intermediate mesoderm (lateral to paraxial mesoderm) - parts of urinary and reproductive systems
Lateral plate mesoderm (edges) - somatic layer, splanchnic layer, and intraembryonic coelem in between

72
Q

How do somites further organize themselves, and what do they give rise to?

A

Ones closest to the developing neural tube = sclerotome at midline - axial skeleton (vertebral column, ribs, posterior half of skull)
Rest = dermatomyotome (away from midline) - dermis of back and all skeletal muscles of limbs/body wall

73
Q

What do the somatic and splanchnic layers come from and what will they contribute to?

A

Come from the lateral plate mesoderm
Contribute to body wall and walls of respiratory tract

74
Q

When does craniocaudal folding begin and how does it work?

A

After the intro-embryonic mesoderm sections have differentiated

Head and tail end start to fold under to the ventral surface of the trilaminar embryonic disc and drag the oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes, and the endoderm with them

75
Q

What is formed through craniocaudal folding?

A

The earliest stage form of our gut tube

76
Q

What is the gut tube connected to and how?

A

The yolk sac through the umbilical cord
Anchored at head and tail end at the oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes

77
Q

What tissue layer forms the gut tube lining?

A

Endoderm

78
Q

What are the sections of the gut tube and what are they associated with?

A

Foregut - oropharyngeal membrane
Midgut - yolk sac
Hindgut - cloacal membrane

79
Q

As the head and tail end keep curling under to the ventral surface during craniocaudal folding, what else is pulled under with the cloacal membrane? What does it form?

A

The body stalk - forms the umbilical cord

80
Q

When does transverse folding begin and how does it work?

A

After the umbilical cord forms

The edges of the embryonic disc start to wrap around and create a cylindrical body shape with the somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm adjacent to the surface ectoderm and the splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm adjacent to the underlying mesoderm

81
Q

During what process does the body wall fold form and what creates it?

A

Transverse folding

The somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm + surface ectoderm

82
Q

During what process does the visceral fold form and what creates it?

A

Transverse folding

Splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm + underlying mesoderm

83
Q

What is also happening as the body wall and visceral folds are curving centrally around from the edges of the embryonic disc?

A

They are dragging the embryonic sac with them

84
Q

How does transverse folding complete?

A

1.) The visceral folds meet and close off the gut tube that has an inner lining of endoderm and external smooth muscle from the splanchnic mesoderm layer
2.) The body wall folds meet at the midline and close up which creates the anterior ventral body wall with an outer layer of ectoderm and inner layer from the somatic mesoderm layer

85
Q

Where is the only spot the body wall does not close? What is at this space?

A

The belly button - umbilical cord with umbilical vessels entering the body + yolk sac connected to gut tube

86
Q

What process terminates week 4 of development?

A

The complete closure of the body wall except for the belly button

87
Q

What happens during week 5 of development?

A

Development of the upper limbs and face simultaneously

88
Q

What happens during week 6 of development?

A

Development of the lower limbs and face simultaneously

89
Q

At the end of this stage, we can start to see the face and have all the internal organ systems in place

A

Embryonic period (at the end of weeks 7-8)

90
Q

When does the embryonic period take place?

A

Weeks 3-8

91
Q

When does the fetal period take place?

A

Weeks 9-38

92
Q

What happens during the fetal period?

A

The fetus is elongating, putting on weight, adding body hair, and maturing

93
Q

When does the placenta start to form?

A

In week 2, post-fertilization

94
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A
  1. Exchange of nutrients from mom to fetus
  2. Exchange of wastes (O2 and CO2) from fetus
  3. Transmission of antibodies and GHs to fetus
95
Q

What forms the fetal part of the placenta?

A

The chorion (extra-embryonic mesoderm + cytotrophoblast + syncytiotrophoblast)

96
Q

What forms the maternal part of the placenta?

A

The decidua basalis (form of endometrium after implantation)

97
Q

What does the chorion form as the placenta is developing?

A

Chorionic villi all around the trophoblast

98
Q

During placental development, as the syncytiotrophoblast continues to erode the uterine wall, it breaks open ______ that release _______ and ________ in the uterine wall, leading to ______ filling up with ______ and __________.

A

Glands
Glycogen-rich secretions and spiral arteries
Lacunae
Blood and glycogen-rich secretions

99
Q

As the chorionic villi continue to develop, what are the lacunae then called?

A

Intervillous spaces

100
Q

What do chorionic villi eventually form during placental development?

A

Capillaries where have diffusion of substances between maternal and fetal blood supply

101
Q

What is the villus chorion?

A

The art of the chorion embedded deepest in the uterine wall, adjacent to the decidua basalis that continues to develop villi

102
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the uterine cavity?

A

Decidua capsularis/smooth chorion (no villi development)

103
Q

This part of the uterine lining is not involved in formation of the placenta.

A

Decidua parietalis

104
Q

The _______ gets obliterated as the fetus continues to grow

A

Chorionic cavity

105
Q

What are the compartments called where spiral arteries anchor into the rest of the uterus at the maternal surface of the placenta?

A

Cotyledons

106
Q

Placenta: Flow of maternal blood IN.

highly oxygenated nutrient-rich maternal blood flows into ______ in ______. Blood is released into __________ in between _________. Nutrients/gases diffuse across the __________ of the _________ to enter them. Then, maternal blood enters _______ and then the ______ through a single __________. The ________ enters the fetus through the _________ of the umbilicus and passes through fetal circulation.

A

Spiral cavities, decidua basalis
Intervillous spaces, chorionic villi
Capillary walls, chorionic villi
Chorionic vessels, fetus, umbilical vein
Umbilical vein, umbilical cord

107
Q

Placental wastes from fetus: draining blood OUT

Blood drains out from fetus through 2 _________ and passes back into _________. Inflow of fresh nutrients from ________ forces the waste blood out through the _______ where it re-enters the _____________.

A

Umbilical arteries, chorionic villi
Maternal blood supply, capillary walls, maternal systemic circulation

108
Q

What beneficial substances pass through the placental membrane?

A

Metabolic acids (CO2 and O2), water/electrolytes/vitamins, fetal waste products, RBCs from mom to fetus, hormones, maternal Abs

109
Q

What harmful substances can pass through the placental membrane?

A

CO, viruses (HIV, Polio, Measles, Zika), pharmaceutical/recreational drugs, environmental toxins

110
Q

As pregnancy goes on, the placental membrane becomes even more porous. T or F?

A

True

111
Q

What is Rh factor?

A

Common antigen found on RBCs

112
Q

What does it mean if someone is Rh+ vs Rh-?

A

Rh+ = have Rh factor antigen on their RBCs
Rh- = don’t have it

113
Q

What will happen to the first pregnancy if the fetus is Rh+ and the mom is Rh-? What about any subsequent pregnancies if the fetus once again ends up being Rh+?

A

The mother will develop anti-Rh antibodies but the first pregnancy will still proceed without complications. In the second pregnancy, those previously developed antibodies will attack the fetal RBCs which can lead to erythroblasosis fetalis.

114
Q

What is the amniochorionic membrane?

A

The amniotic cavity + thin layer of uterus fused to the opposite wall of the uterus

115
Q

What is technically happening when we say someone’s water “broke?”

A

The amniochorionic membrane broke and amniotic fluid leaked out

116
Q

What is amniotic fluid made up of?

A

Maternal blood plasma + fetal urine + fetal lung secretions

117
Q

How does a molar pregnancy occur? Why is so important to quickly treat the condition?

A

Through xs proliferation of trophoblast

Can lead to choriocarcinoma

118
Q

What is a complete molar pregnancy?

A

It is a failure of the embryo to continue developing while the placental parts of the fetus keep developing, which leads to fluid-filled cysts filling the uterine cavity

119
Q

What is a partial molar pregnancy? Is it viable?

A

It is when the trophoblast overgrows to fill the uterine cavity and you have a triploid embryo due to 2 sperms fertilizing the same egg.

No

120
Q

How do dizygotic (fraternal) twins occur?

A

2 secondary oocytes get released during ovulation and both get fertilized by separate sperms that implant separately

121
Q

Do dizygotic twins share amniotic sacs, placenta, DNA, and karyotypes?

A

No, they have their own of everything

122
Q

How do monozygotic (identical) twins occur? Do they have the same DNA?

A

A zygote that splits at the 2-cell stage, inner cell mass stage, or 2-layer disc stage

Yes

123
Q

At what stage did the zygote split if twins have separate placentas, chorions, and amnions?

A

The 2-cell stage

124
Q

At what stage did the zygote split if the twins share trophoblast and chorion but have separate amnions?

A

In the early blastocyst period (the inner cell mass splits)

125
Q

At what stage did the zygote split if the twins share a trophoblast, chorion, and amnion?

A

At 2-layer disc stage

126
Q

What are malformations?

A

Congenital anomalies due to absence of structure or abnormal configuration of a structure due to early abnormal development

127
Q

When do malformations typically occur?

A

Weeks 3-8 of the embryonic period

128
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

Malformations of human arms/legs

129
Q

What are disruptions?

A

Congenital anomalies due to disruptions to normally developing structures

130
Q

What is amniotic band syndrome?

A

It is a congenital disruption where pieces of amniotic membrane become detached and wrap around different fetal body parts and cut off circulation

131
Q

What are deformations?

A

Congenital anomalies where you get a distortion of developing structures due to mechanical forces

132
Q

What type of congenital anomaly can be seen in twins? What are some examples?

A

Deformations - torticollis, clubbed foot

133
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

A type of congenital anomaly where you get an abnormal organization of cells into tissues

134
Q

What are teratomas?

A

Types of dysplasias

135
Q

What are syndromes?

A

Groups of congenital anomalies that occur together and typically have a genetic component involved

136
Q

What typically cause congenital anomalies? Give some examples of them.

A

Teratogens - recreational/pharmaceutical drugs, environmental toxins, smoking, nicotine, radiation exposure

137
Q

What are TORCH infections? What does each letter stand for in the acronym?

A

They are things that can cross the placental membrane and be passed from the mom to the fetus
T - toxoplasmosis (blindness, encephalitis)
O - other (HIV, syphilis, Zika, SARS-COV-2)
R - rubella (cataracts, heart disease)
C - cytomegaloviruses (hearing loss)
H - herpes (seizure, encephalitis)

138
Q

How does a pregnant person drinking alcohol affect a developing fetus?

A

Alcohol affects neural crest cell migration which leads to altered physical characteristics and cognitive delays

139
Q

What is the resistant period of susceptibility to teratogens?

A

Pre-embryonic (weeks 1-2)

140
Q

At what stage of development is the baby most sensitive to teratogens?

A

Embryonic (weeks 3-8)

141
Q

Exposure to teratogens in week 3 can cause what?

A

Neural tube defects

142
Q

At what stage of development are teratogens still a risk, but it is lower? What are the effects of exposure here?

A

Fetal (weeks 9-38) —> minor malformations, delayed growth

Anatomy (9 decks)

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