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BGSU > G1250 final > Flashcards

G1250 final Flashcards

1
Q

TC side has strongest winds where and when?

A

South when suction vortex is on the south side of TC

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2
Q

what is the max mph for Tc

A

205mph

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3
Q

suction vortex rotates ? at what speed ?

A

CCW and 50mph

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4
Q

suction vortex mores around tc at how many miles per hour

A

20mph

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5
Q

the tornado cones rotates and at what speed

A

ccw at 100pmh

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6
Q

which way do tornados travel and at what speeds

A

west to east at 35pmh

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7
Q

suction vortices rotate around the

A

main funnel

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8
Q

multi vortex rotate around the

A

central vortex

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9
Q

what are the phases of a tornado life cycle

A

wall cloud formation
funnel develops
tornado matures
tornado dissipates

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10
Q

a “hook echo” is shown on what type of radar

A

base reflectivity

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11
Q

supercell over tornado valley forces on what sector

A

warm sector

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12
Q

supercell over tornado valley llj from the

A

gulf of Mexico

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13
Q

for supercell over tornado valley, where are dry lines located

A

ahead of the advancing cold front

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14
Q

supercells over tornado valley, which are the 2 air masses

A

mT and cT

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15
Q

base velocity doppler radar
toward
away

A

toward = green (-)
away = red (+)

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16
Q

supercell t.storm are what level and are what

A

low levels are moist and unstable

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17
Q

supercell t.storm rotation is called

A

mesocyclone

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18
Q

daytime heating does what for thunderstorms

A

destabilizes near the surface layer

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19
Q

warmer parcels for thunderstorms

A

rise

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20
Q

lifting condensation level (LCL)is that altitude at which

A

a parcel becomes saturated and can clearly be seen in the cumulas cloud

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21
Q

the level of free convection is the altitude at which

A

a parcel becomes warmer than the surrounding environment and rises

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22
Q

what is the structure of a thunderstoms

A

LFC to tower
anvil
- tropopause

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23
Q

how long does the cumulus stage last

A

4-6 hours

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24
Q

how long does the mature stage last

A

30-45 min

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25
Q

how long does the dissipating stage last

A

15-30 min

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26
Q

vertical wind shear

A

change windspeeds and directions

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27
Q

vertical wind shear is between what km

A

0-6km

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28
Q

weak wind shear range in knots

A

0-20 knots

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29
Q

moderate wind shear range in knots

A

20-35 knots

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30
Q

strong wind shear range in knots

A

35+

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31
Q

single cell t.storms, shear less than

A

20 knots

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32
Q

single cell t.storms are driven by

A

convection

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33
Q

multi-cell t.storms, shear how many knots?

A

20-35 knots

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34
Q

multi-cell t.storms are known as what

A

training cells and new cells back build

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35
Q

what is the main threat of multi-cell t.storms

A

flooding

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36
Q

mesoscale convection system is at least how many miles long

A

at least 100km

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37
Q

where do mesoscale systems form

A

at night along frontal boundaries

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38
Q

nocturanl low level jets flow which way

A

east to west + PGF between 925 and 850mb

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39
Q

MCC ourrs at

A

night

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40
Q

how long do MCC

A

6+ hours

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41
Q

what do MCCs form ? on radar?

A

Quasi

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42
Q

how big are MCCs

A

@ 100,000km2

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43
Q

MCC dacays after

A

sunrise

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44
Q

squall lines are either

A

bows or derecho

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45
Q

which way do derechos rotate

A

ccw

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46
Q

derecho have to be at least

A

250 mi long

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47
Q

winds for a derecho have to be

A

> 50k

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48
Q

what are the two types of derecho

A

serial
professivly

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49
Q

progressive move along

A

along/north of the front

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50
Q

squall lines (sectors)

A

warm sectors ahed of a cold front

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51
Q

gust fronts during the what stage

A

mature stage which then cuts off supply of warm, moist, unstable air to the mature storm

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52
Q

what is the definition of stability

A

determined by the response of an objects displaced from its orgianl positon

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53
Q

air beneath storm cooled by

A

rain/downdrafts

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54
Q

what does it mean when its stable

A

returns to postion

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55
Q

what does it mean when its unstable

A

accelerates away from postion

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56
Q

what does it mean when its neutral

A

remain where displaced

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57
Q

what are the three steps for a parcel

A

flexible boundaries
no MASS exchange with surrounding environment
no energy exchange with surrounding environment (adiabatic)

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58
Q

what is a dry parcel temp

A

10c/km

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59
Q

what is a moist parcel temp

A

6c/km

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60
Q

what is sounding

A

vertical temp profile of environment
rate of change in environment is NOT constant

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61
Q

how to determine stability of a parcel

A

parcel at surface
assume parcel and environment are identical
lift parcel to 1km

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62
Q

describe stable air

A

colder than
more dense

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63
Q

describe unstable air

A

warmer than
less dense

64
Q

describe neutral

A

equal to

65
Q

what is the formula for unstable

A

Te > Td

66
Q

what is the formula for stable

A

Te<Tm

67
Q

what is the formula for cond. unstable

A

Tm<Te<Td

68
Q

constant altitude is

A

column pressure is greater over warmer air than cold air

69
Q

constant pressure is

A

warm column height is greater then cold column height

70
Q

vertical rate of pressure decrease is larger than in

A

cold air than it is in warm air

71
Q

ridges are

A

high heights and warm temps
act in the same direction as coriolis force (f)
SUP

72
Q

troughs are

A

low levels
act in the same direction as PGF
SUB

73
Q

meridional has air that is warm and cold where

A

cold south
warm north

74
Q

zonal has air that is warm and cold where

A

Cold north
warm south

75
Q

traffic jam is an example of

A

converging

76
Q

exit a traffic jam is an example of

A

diverge

77
Q

wind speed increase with

A

increasing height

78
Q

low heights / cold to the

A

left

79
Q

high heights / warm to the

A

right

80
Q

upper level winds have

A

west components

81
Q

H flow

A

cw and out

82
Q

L flow

A

CCW and in

83
Q

what are the forces that casue surface winds (v)

A

pressure gradient force
coriolis force
friction

84
Q

forces and wind represented by vectors
arrows have

A

direction and magnitude

85
Q

forces and wind represented by vectors
vectors have

A

left and right sides

86
Q

what is the coriolis force abbreviated as

A

f

87
Q

what kind of force is a f

A

apparent force

88
Q

which way does a f act

A

always 90 degrees to the right in the northern hemi

89
Q

f incerases with

A

wind speed

90
Q

pressure gradient force

A

change in pressure / change in distance

91
Q

what is the only force that can act on air at rest

A

PGF

92
Q

winds flow ? to the PGF

A

perpendicular to isobars

93
Q

PGF increases as distance between

A

isobars decrease

94
Q

geostrophic winds are labeled as

A

Vg

95
Q

Vg always flow ? to the isobars

A

parallel

96
Q

f acts

A

90 degrees to the right of v

97
Q

v accelerates to the

A

right to strike a balance between PF and f

98
Q

condensation will not occur if

A

nuclei are not present

99
Q

earths surface cools and overlying air

A

fog

100
Q

rising air causes expansional cooling

A

clouds

101
Q

what is radiation fog

A

forms on clear calm nights

102
Q

advection

A

day and night
occurs during snowmelt

103
Q

steam

A

warm bodies of water

104
Q

what is the formula for RH

A

e/es * 100%

105
Q

what is saturation vapor pressure (es)

A

of the air when the air is saturated
MAX VAPOR CONTENT OF THE AIR @ a given temp

106
Q

what is vapor pressure (e)

A

amount of pressure exerted by water
ACTUAL VAPOR CONTECT OF THE AIR

107
Q

geosynchronous is stationery

A

above a point on the equator (high)

108
Q

what is an advantage / disadvantage of GOES

A

advantage : high res
disadvantage : high latitudes

109
Q

Polar orbiting - earth rotates

A

beneath the satellites

110
Q

what is an advantage / disadvantage of Polar

A

advantage : high resolution
disadvantage : multiple times in single image
low lat

111
Q

doppler radar is in what mode

A

base reflectivity mode

112
Q

base reflectivity mode is what

A

microwave and is scattered

113
Q

what does base reflectivity made show

A

perfect rate / intensity (0.5)
max. intensity 0.5-3.35

114
Q

visible is what

A

reflected

115
Q

visible is what resolution

A

high

116
Q

can be visible at night

A

no

117
Q

IR is what

A

emitted

118
Q

what does IR show

A

temp

119
Q

water vapor is what

A

emitted IF

120
Q

what is weins displacement law

A

sun 0.5
earth 10.0

121
Q

what are the three greenshouse gases

A

nitrogen
oxygen
argon

122
Q

what is heat

A

verb

123
Q

conduction is when

A

heat by moving through object w to c

124
Q

convection is when

A

heat by moving object w to c

125
Q

latent heat is when

A

energy required to change the phase of water at a constant water temperature

126
Q

pressure is measured in

A

wt

127
Q

what is standard pressure

A

29.92 and 1013.25

128
Q

greenhouse gases are

A

transparent to incoming from the sun and absorbs outgoing energy

129
Q

TE =

A

PE+KE (mean)

130
Q

vertical temps are based on

A

heat source

131
Q

what are the layers of the atmosphere

A

troposphere
Tropopause
stratosphere
stratopause
mesosphere
thermosphere

132
Q

energy absorbs is what process

A

cooling
- melting
- evaporation - surrounding air cools
- sublimation

133
Q

energy released is what process

A

warming
- freezing
- condensation - surrounding air warms
- deposition

134
Q

formula for density

A

mass / volume

135
Q

expan cooling

A

PE increase
KE decrease

136
Q

expan warming

A

PE decrease
KE increase

137
Q

vertical pressure profile

A

exponential decrease with height

138
Q

what are the 5 air masses

A

cT
mT
cP
mP
A

139
Q

air mass source region’s are where

A

air masses form

140
Q

air mass source regions

A

xl large
warm/cold
land/water
light winds
non mountains

141
Q

circulation sectors
warm

A

east of cold
south of warm

142
Q

circulation sectors
cold

A

north of warm
west of cold

143
Q

cold fronts have what kind of clouds

A

towering

144
Q

what kind of precip is associated with cold fronts

A

intense showers along and ahead

145
Q

what kind of precip is associated with stationary and warm fronts

A

extensive stratiform clouds along and ahead
light to moderate precip

146
Q

polar air is

A

north

147
Q

tropic air is

A

south

148
Q

fronts are always determined by

A

cold air movements

149
Q

cold air

A

advances

150
Q

warm air

A

is when cold air retracts

151
Q

stationary air

A

cold neither advances or retreats

152
Q

fronts are boundaries between

A

converging air masses

153
Q

how to do math on a <500mb

A

+10 before the number

154
Q

how to do math on a >500mb

A

+9 before the number

155
Q

GOES
Vis
IR

A

reflect
emit

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