G1250 final Flashcards
1
Q
TC side has strongest winds where and when?
A
South when suction vortex is on the south side of TC
2
Q
what is the max mph for Tc
A
205mph
3
Q
suction vortex rotates ? at what speed ?
A
CCW and 50mph
4
Q
suction vortex mores around tc at how many miles per hour
A
20mph
5
Q
the tornado cones rotates and at what speed
A
ccw at 100pmh
6
Q
which way do tornados travel and at what speeds
A
west to east at 35pmh
7
Q
suction vortices rotate around the
A
main funnel
8
Q
multi vortex rotate around the
A
central vortex
9
Q
what are the phases of a tornado life cycle
A
wall cloud formation
funnel develops
tornado matures
tornado dissipates
10
Q
a “hook echo” is shown on what type of radar
A
base reflectivity
11
Q
supercell over tornado valley forces on what sector
A
warm sector
12
Q
supercell over tornado valley llj from the
A
gulf of Mexico
13
Q
for supercell over tornado valley, where are dry lines located
A
ahead of the advancing cold front
14
Q
supercells over tornado valley, which are the 2 air masses
A
mT and cT
15
Q
base velocity doppler radar
toward
away
A
toward = green (-)
away = red (+)
16
Q
supercell t.storm are what level and are what
A
low levels are moist and unstable
17
Q
supercell t.storm rotation is called
A
mesocyclone
18
Q
daytime heating does what for thunderstorms
A
destabilizes near the surface layer
19
Q
warmer parcels for thunderstorms
A
rise
20
Q
lifting condensation level (LCL)is that altitude at which
A
a parcel becomes saturated and can clearly be seen in the cumulas cloud
21
Q
the level of free convection is the altitude at which
A
a parcel becomes warmer than the surrounding environment and rises
22
Q
what is the structure of a thunderstoms
A
LFC to tower
anvil
- tropopause
23
Q
how long does the cumulus stage last
A
4-6 hours
24
Q
how long does the mature stage last
A
30-45 min
25
how long does the dissipating stage last
15-30 min
26
vertical wind shear
change windspeeds and directions
27
vertical wind shear is between what km
0-6km
28
weak wind shear range in knots
0-20 knots
29
moderate wind shear range in knots
20-35 knots
30
strong wind shear range in knots
35+
31
single cell t.storms, shear less than
20 knots
32
single cell t.storms are driven by
convection
33
multi-cell t.storms, shear how many knots?
20-35 knots
34
multi-cell t.storms are known as what
training cells and new cells back build
35
what is the main threat of multi-cell t.storms
flooding
36
mesoscale convection system is at least how many miles long
at least 100km
37
where do mesoscale systems form
at night along frontal boundaries
38
nocturanl low level jets flow which way
east to west + PGF between 925 and 850mb
39
MCC ourrs at
night
40
how long do MCC
6+ hours
41
what do MCCs form ? on radar?
Quasi
42
how big are MCCs
@ 100,000km2
43
MCC dacays after
sunrise
44
squall lines are either
bows or derecho
45
which way do derechos rotate
ccw
46
derecho have to be at least
250 mi long
47
winds for a derecho have to be
>50k
48
what are the two types of derecho
serial
professivly
49
progressive move along
along/north of the front
50
squall lines (sectors)
warm sectors ahed of a cold front
51
gust fronts during the what stage
mature stage which then cuts off supply of warm, moist, unstable air to the mature storm
52
what is the definition of stability
determined by the response of an objects displaced from its orgianl positon
53
air beneath storm cooled by
rain/downdrafts
54
what does it mean when its stable
returns to postion
55
what does it mean when its unstable
accelerates away from postion
56
what does it mean when its neutral
remain where displaced
57
what are the three steps for a parcel
flexible boundaries
no MASS exchange with surrounding environment
no energy exchange with surrounding environment (adiabatic)
58
what is a dry parcel temp
10c/km
59
what is a moist parcel temp
6c/km
60
what is sounding
vertical temp profile of environment
rate of change in environment is NOT constant
61
how to determine stability of a parcel
parcel at surface
assume parcel and environment are identical
lift parcel to 1km
62
describe stable air
colder than
more dense
63
describe unstable air
warmer than
less dense
64
describe neutral
equal to
65
what is the formula for unstable
Te > Td
66
what is the formula for stable
Te
67
what is the formula for cond. unstable
Tm
68
constant altitude is
column pressure is greater over warmer air than cold air
69
constant pressure is
warm column height is greater then cold column height
70
vertical rate of pressure decrease is larger than in
cold air than it is in warm air
71
ridges are
high heights and warm temps
act in the same direction as coriolis force (f)
SUP
72
troughs are
low levels
act in the same direction as PGF
SUB
73
meridional has air that is warm and cold where
cold south
warm north
74
zonal has air that is warm and cold where
Cold north
warm south
75
traffic jam is an example of
converging
76
exit a traffic jam is an example of
diverge
77
wind speed increase with
increasing height
78
low heights / cold to the
left
79
high heights / warm to the
right
80
upper level winds have
west components
81
H flow
cw and out
82
L flow
CCW and in
83
what are the forces that casue surface winds (v)
pressure gradient force
coriolis force
friction
84
forces and wind represented by vectors
arrows have
direction and magnitude
85
forces and wind represented by vectors
vectors have
left and right sides
86
what is the coriolis force abbreviated as
f
87
what kind of force is a f
apparent force
88
which way does a f act
always 90 degrees to the right in the northern hemi
89
f incerases with
wind speed
90
pressure gradient force
change in pressure / change in distance
91
what is the only force that can act on air at rest
PGF
92
winds flow ? to the PGF
perpendicular to isobars
93
PGF increases as distance between
isobars decrease
94
geostrophic winds are labeled as
Vg
95
Vg always flow ? to the isobars
parallel
96
f acts
90 degrees to the right of v
97
v accelerates to the
right to strike a balance between PF and f
98
condensation will not occur if
nuclei are not present
99
earths surface cools and overlying air
fog
100
rising air causes expansional cooling
clouds
101
what is radiation fog
forms on clear calm nights
102
advection
day and night
occurs during snowmelt
103
steam
warm bodies of water
104
what is the formula for RH
e/es * 100%
105
what is saturation vapor pressure (es)
of the air when the air is saturated
MAX VAPOR CONTENT OF THE AIR @ a given temp
106
what is vapor pressure (e)
amount of pressure exerted by water
ACTUAL VAPOR CONTECT OF THE AIR
107
geosynchronous is stationery
above a point on the equator (high)
108
what is an advantage / disadvantage of GOES
advantage : high res
disadvantage : high latitudes
109
Polar orbiting - earth rotates
beneath the satellites
110
what is an advantage / disadvantage of Polar
advantage : high resolution
disadvantage : multiple times in single image
low lat
111
doppler radar is in what mode
base reflectivity mode
112
base reflectivity mode is what
microwave and is scattered
113
what does base reflectivity made show
perfect rate / intensity (0.5)
max. intensity 0.5-3.35
114
visible is what
reflected
115
visible is what resolution
high
116
can be visible at night
no
117
IR is what
emitted
118
what does IR show
temp
119
water vapor is what
emitted IF
120
what is weins displacement law
sun 0.5
earth 10.0
121
what are the three greenshouse gases
nitrogen
oxygen
argon
122
what is heat
verb
123
conduction is when
heat by moving through object w to c
124
convection is when
heat by moving object w to c
125
latent heat is when
energy required to change the phase of water at a constant water temperature
126
pressure is measured in
wt
127
what is standard pressure
29.92 and 1013.25
128
greenhouse gases are
transparent to incoming from the sun and absorbs outgoing energy
129
TE =
PE+KE (mean)
130
vertical temps are based on
heat source
131
what are the layers of the atmosphere
troposphere
Tropopause
stratosphere
stratopause
mesosphere
thermosphere
132
energy absorbs is what process
cooling
- melting
- evaporation - surrounding air cools
- sublimation
133
energy released is what process
warming
- freezing
- condensation - surrounding air warms
- deposition
134
formula for density
mass / volume
135
expan cooling
PE increase
KE decrease
136
expan warming
PE decrease
KE increase
137
vertical pressure profile
exponential decrease with height
138
what are the 5 air masses
cT
mT
cP
mP
A
139
air mass source region's are where
air masses form
140
air mass source regions
xl large
warm/cold
land/water
light winds
non mountains
141
circulation sectors
warm
east of cold
south of warm
142
circulation sectors
cold
north of warm
west of cold
143
cold fronts have what kind of clouds
towering
144
what kind of precip is associated with cold fronts
intense showers along and ahead
145
what kind of precip is associated with stationary and warm fronts
extensive stratiform clouds along and ahead
light to moderate precip
146
polar air is
north
147
tropic air is
south
148
fronts are always determined by
cold air movements
149
cold air
advances
150
warm air
is when cold air retracts
151
stationary air
cold neither advances or retreats
152
fronts are boundaries between
converging air masses
153
how to do math on a <500mb
+10 before the number
154
how to do math on a >500mb
+9 before the number
155
GOES
Vis
IR
reflect
emit
-
Key Links
-
Subjects
-
Company
-
Find Us
-
