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BGSU > G1250 - Exam 2 > Flashcards

G1250 - Exam 2 Flashcards

notes from slides and questions from exam

1
Q

what is the definition of vapor pressure (e)

A

(e) is the amount of pressure in mb exerted by water vapor in the air

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2
Q

vapor pressure (e) is the measure of the

A

actual vapor content of the air

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3
Q

when evaporation rate is equal to the condensation rate it means that

A

vapor pressure is at equilibrium (saturated)

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4
Q

what is the definition of saturation vapor pressure (es)

A

es is the vapor pressure of the air when the air is saturated

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5
Q

es is the measure of the

A

maximum vapor content of the air

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6
Q

es is the pressure exerted by the

A

maximum amount of vapor that can be in the air at a given temperature

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7
Q

what is saturation

A

e=es

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7
Q

what is subsaturation

A

e<es

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8
Q

what is supersaturation

A

e>es

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9
Q

what is the definition of relative humidity

A

the actual vapor pressure of the air (e) relative to (/) the vapor pressure exerted by the air if it were saturated (es)

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10
Q

what is the formula for RH

A

RH=e/es *100%

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11
Q

vapor pressure is a measure of the

A

actual rate content of the air

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12
Q

saturation vapor pressure is a measure of the

A

maximum vapor content of the air at a given temperature

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13
Q

when air temperature increases the

A

saturation vapor pressure increases

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14
Q

when air temperature increases the saturation vapor pressure

A

increases exponentially

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15
Q

what is the formula for dew point depression

A

DPD= t-td

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16
Q

DPD is the approximate measure of

A

RH

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17
Q

aerosols are made of

A

dust, smoke, and pollen

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18
Q

what is the range of aersols

A

0.2-10um

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19
Q

as aerosols concentration decreases as size

A

increases

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20
Q

what is a hygroscopic aerosols

A

when condensation when RH<100%

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21
Q

what is hydrophobic aerosols

A

when there is no condensation when RH>100%

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22
Q

condensation wil not occur if nuclei are

A

not present

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23
Q

what happens when condensation occurs in the atmosphere when the earths surface cools overlying air

A

it creates fog

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24
Q

what happens when condensation occurs in the atmosphere when rising air causes expansional cooling

A

it creates clouds

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25
Q

what are the three types of fog

A

radiation fog
advection fog
steam fog

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26
Q

how does radiation fog form

A

forms during clear calm nights
earths surface cools the overlying air to Td
additional cooling causes condesnation to occur

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27
Q

how does advection fog form

A

forms both during the day and night
air with Td greater than surface T advected by wind over surface
often occurs during snow melt

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28
Q

how does steam fog form

A

forms over warm bodied of water
cold air advanced by the wind over the water
water warms the overlying air
water evaporates into the air
warm moist air rises via convection

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29
Q

when water vapor condenses to form a cloud droplet

A

it does so on a condensation nucleus

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30
Q

fog forms when

A

saturated air is cooled at the earths surface

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31
Q

why do clouds forms

A

clouds forms when saturated air is cooled

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32
Q

warm clouds are how warm/cold?

A

T>32 degrees f

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33
Q

warm clouds are

A

all liquid and no ice

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34
Q

warm clouds:
collision and coalescence

A

larger droplets collide and merge/coalesce with smaller droplets
efficiency increases as droplet size increases

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35
Q

cold clouds form when temperateures are

A

T<32 degrees f

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36
Q

ice clouds are ice crystals which are

A

supercooled droplets and vapor

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37
Q

cold clouds are Deposition nuclei wich are

A

hexagonal and rare

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38
Q

cold clouds composed almost entirely of

A

supercooled droplets

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39
Q

step 1 of the Bergeron Process

A

vapor deposits on crystal

ice crystals grown and e decreases

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40
Q

step 2 of Bergeron Process

A

crystal growth decreases
droplets evaporate and e increases

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41
Q

step 3 & 4 of Bergeron Process

A

vapor deposits on crystals
crystal growth increases and e decreases

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42
Q

step 5 of the Bergeron Process

A

RHi = 100%
deposition = sublimation
crystal growth stops

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43
Q

what is the definition of the Bergeron Process

A

the process by which ice crystals grow at the expense of supercooled droplets in a cold cloud

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44
Q

a cold cloud is comprised almost entirely of supercooled water droplets because

A

deposition nuclei are hexagonal and rare

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45
Q

within a cold cloud there exists a single ? and ?

A

temperature and vapor pressure

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46
Q

in a cold cloud, more vapor is required to saturate the air around an

A

supercooled water droplet

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47
Q

the Bergeron process occurs n a cold cloud because the air around ice crystals is ? and the air around supercooled water droplets is either

A

supersaturated, saturated or subsaturated

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48
Q

the Bergeron process will continue in a cold cloud until all of the ?

A

supercooled droplets have evaporated

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49
Q

precipitation falls as snow when

A

air temps remain below freezing throughout the atmosphere

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50
Q

partly frozen drops refreeze and become sleet when

A

it starts as snow, falls through a shallow warm layer, and then falls through a deep cold layer

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51
Q

when rain drops become “supercooled” in cold air and freeze on contact causing

A

Freezing rain

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52
Q

a cold cloud is comprised almost entirely of supercooled water droplets because ?

A

deposition of nuclei are hexagonal and rare

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53
Q

within a cold cloud there exists a single ? and ?

A

temp and vapor pressure

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54
Q

in a cold cloud, more vapor is required to saturate the air around a(n)

A

supercooled water droplet

55
Q

the Bergeron process occurs in a cold cloud because the air around ice crystals is ? and the air around supercooled water droplets is either ?

A

supersaturated, saturated or subsaturated

56
Q

the Bergeron process will continue in a cold cloud until all of the ?

A

supercooled droplets have evaporated

57
Q

surface highs flow

A

cw and out

58
Q

surface lows flow

A

ccw and in

59
Q

what are the forces that cause surface wind (V)

A

pressure gradient force
Coriolis force
friction

60
Q

what are the forces and wind represented by vectors

A

arrow has both direction and magnitude
vectors have both left and right hand sides

61
Q

what goes into the pressure gradient force

A
  • only force that can act on air at rest
  • directed from high to low pressure
  • points in direction of rate of greatest pressure decrease
  • perpendicular to the isobars
  • magnitude increase as the pressure gradient increases
    • PGF increases as distance between isobars decrease
62
Q

the coriolis force is a ? force

A

apparent

63
Q

what does it mean to be an apparent force

A

its a deflection of a large-scale motions

64
Q

what causes the Coriolis Forces

A

latitudinal dependence of either radial velocity

65
Q

what factors go into the Coriolis Force

A
  • always acts 90degrees to the right of the wind in northern hemisphere
  • increases with wind speeds (=0 when the wind is calm)
  • f=0 at the equator and increases with latitude
66
Q

PGF indicates

A

the wind (v)

67
Q

f acts

A

90 degrees to the right of V

68
Q

V accelerated and turns to the

A

right to strike a balance between PGF and f

69
Q

acceleration and turning continue until

A

balance is achieved

70
Q

Geostrophic wind defined as

A

wind that results from a balance between PGF and f

71
Q

geostrophic winds are

A
  • always parallel to isobars
  • low pressure to the left
  • high pressure to the right
  • explains 80-85% real wind
72
Q

friction causes what

A
  • Vg decreases
  • f decreases
  • PGF becomes dominate force
  • V turns toward PGF
    • low pressure left side of wind
73
Q

what is the relationship between upper level and surface circulations

A

surface highs and low locations determined by upper level circulation pattern

74
Q

what is the definition of constant altitude

A

column pressure is greater over warm air than cold air

75
Q

what is the definition of constant pressure

A

warm column height is greater then cold column height

76
Q

isoheights are what color on a 500mb map

A

solid blue

77
Q

isotherms are what color on a 500mb map

A

dashed red

78
Q

according to the meteorological application wind speeds

A

increase with increasing height

79
Q

PGF directed from high to low heights ? greatest height decrease

A

towards

80
Q

PGF is perpendicular to the

A

isoheight lines

81
Q

PGF magnitude increases as

A

distance between isoheights decrease

82
Q

upper level winds have a ? component

A

westerly

83
Q

temps from the equator to the pole

A

decrease

84
Q

what is the definition of upper level ridges

A

axis of high heights and warm column temperatures

85
Q

what is the definition of upper level troughs

A

axes of low heights and cold column temperatures

86
Q

meridional wave patterns are for what type of amplitude waves

A

high amplitude waves

87
Q

meridional waves are
? in the south in troughs
? in the north in ridges

A

cold in the south
warm in the north

88
Q

zonal wave patterns are ? amplitude waves

A

low amplitude waves

89
Q

zonal waves are
? air north
? air south

A

cold air north
warm air south

90
Q

schematic of 3-D of ridges and troughs are defined as

A

heights slope down toward the north as column becomes progressively colder

91
Q

cw circulation around

A

highs/ridges

92
Q

ccw circulation around

A

lows/troughs

93
Q

if the isoheights are curved, centripetal force vectors points towards

A

the center

94
Q

Ridges Ce act in

A

the same direction as the Coriolis force
- f becomes large relative to the PGF
(SUP)

95
Q

troughs Ce act in

A

the same direction as the PGF
(SUB)

96
Q

Gradient wind results from

A

a balance between PGF, f and centripetal force

97
Q

geostrophic in areas of

A

straight flow between ridges and troughs

98
Q

as cars approach a traffic jam, the distance between them decreases

A

cars converge

99
Q

as cars exit a traffic jam, the distance between them increases

A

cars diverge

100
Q

vapor pressure is defined to be a measure of the

A

actual vapor content of the air

101
Q

saturation vapor pressure is defined to be a measure of the

A

maximum vapor content of the air at a given temperature

102
Q

a cloud forms when ?

A

rising saturated air cools as a result of expansion

103
Q

collision and coalescence occurs on a warm cloud when ?

A

large droplets overtake smaller droplets and merge

104
Q

the pressure gradient force

A

is directed from high to low pressure
points in direction of rate of greatest pressure decrease
is perpendicular to the isobars

105
Q

the coriolis force

A

acts 90 degrees to the right of the motion in the northern hemisphere

106
Q

the geostrophic wind

A

results from a balance between the PGF and f
always blows parallel to the isobars
has low pressure on its left

107
Q

water is a unique substance in nature because it is ?

A

the only one that can exist in all 3 phases at the same time

108
Q

the freezing and melting points of water are ? and ?, respectively

A

-40,32

109
Q

evaporation is a cooling process because ?

A

water absorbs energy from the environment when it evaporates

110
Q

condensation is warming process because ?

A

water releases energy to the environment when it condenses

111
Q

latent heat ?

A

is the energy required to change the phase of water at a constant water temperature

112
Q

latent heat differs from heat in that only latent heat ?

A

is used to change the phase of an object rather than its temperature

113
Q

vapor pressure is a measure of the ?

A

actual vapor content of the air

114
Q

saturation vapor pressure is a measure of the ?

A

maximum vapor content of the air at a given air temperature

115
Q

the dew point temperature is defined to be the temperature ?

A

to which the air must be cooled to become saturated

116
Q

air is subsaturated when the vapor pressure is ?

A

less than the saturation vapor pressure

117
Q

air is supersaturated when the vapor pressure is ?

A

greater than the saturation vapor pressure

118
Q

for a given temperature, the relative humidity of air is defined to be the ?

A

vapor pressure of the air relative to the saturation vapor pressure of the air at that temperature

119
Q

radiation fog forms when ?

A

the ground cool the air above it to saturation on clear, calm evenings

120
Q

advection fog forms when ?

A

warm, humid air flows over a much over colder surface, which cools the air to saturation

121
Q

steam fog forms when ?

A

cold air flows over much warmer water which leads to evaporation and rising air, which cools to saturation

122
Q

clouds form when

A

rising air cools via expansion to its dewpoint

123
Q

collision and coalescence occur in a warm cloud because

A

droplets with different sizes fall at different speeds

124
Q

cold clouds initially consist primarily of supercooled droplets and just a few ice crystals because ?

A

deposition nuclei are hexagonal and rate in the atmosphere

125
Q

the vapor pressure inside of a cold cloud is

A

always the same around both ice crystals and supercooled droplets

126
Q

the saturation vapor pressure in a cold cloud

A

greater around a supercooled droplet than around an ice crystal

127
Q

given a cold cloud with a single temp, and vapor pressure the relative humidity is ?

A

greater around an ice crystal than around a supercooled droplet

128
Q

the bergeron process explains why ? in a cold cloud

A

ice crystals grow at the expenses of supercooled droplets

129
Q

the bergeron process takes place in a cold cloud because ?

A

the air around ice crystals is always supersaturated

130
Q

given that snow falls from the cloud, the vertical temp profile shown below will cause ? to be observed a the earths surface

A

sleet

131
Q

vertical temperature profile shown below will cause ? to be observed at the earths surface

A

freezing rain

132
Q

the pressure gradient force is an ? force, and its vector is directed across Isobars at the surface from ? pressure

A

real, high to low

133
Q

the coriolis force is an ? force and its vector is always directed 90 degrees to the right of the ? vector

A

apparent, wind

134
Q

the geostrophic wind is a wind results from a balance between the ? an ? forces

A

pressure gradient, coriolis

135
Q

friction causes

A

the wind to cross isobars at an angle from high to low pressure
wind to slow
coriolis force to decrease

136
Q
A

BGSU (27 decks)

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