G PSY CH 9 SG Flashcards
Developmental psychology
a field of psychology that examines age-related physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the life span
What are the research methods in Developmental psychology?
longitudinal and cross-sectional
Longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period (study same group of participants when they are 8, 18, and 28)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal study?
advantages - traces development through the years
disadvantage - attrition (drop out) and takes a long time to get data
Cross-sectional study
examines people of different ages at a single point in time (study a group of participants at 8, a group at 18, and a group at 28 and compare the results)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional study?
advantages - less time and less attrition
disadvantages - difficult to know if differences are really age related
Who are the major figures in child development?
Piaget, Vygotsky, Harlows, Ainsworth, Erikson, Kohlberg, and Baumrind
What has Piaget contributed?
cognitive development
What has Vygotsky contributed?
social and cultural factors influencing cognitive development
What has Harlows contributed?
attachment research
What has Ainsworth contributed?
attachment
What has Erikson contributed?
the psychosocial stages
What has Kohlberg contributed?
moral development
What has Baumrind contributed?
parenting styles
What are the different parenting styles?
permissive, uninvolved, authoritarian, authoritative (best), and helicopter parenting
Permissive parenting style
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
Uninvolved parenting style
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands
Authoritarian parenting style
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
Authoritative parenting style
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view
Helicopter parenting style
over parenting, involves developmentally inappropriate levels of control and assistance (over-control)
Cognitive development
domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Cognitive empathy
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others
Physiological development
puberty, sexual health, fertility, menopause, changes in our senses, and primary versus secondary aging
Nature
genes and biology
Nurture
environment and culture
Sex
one’s biological status
Gender
the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed
Gender identity
feeling or sense of being male, female, or an alternative gender and contentment with one’s gender
Gender roles
collection of actions, beliefs, and characteristics that a culture associates with masculinity and femininity
Primary sex characteristics
related directly to reproduction (ovaries/testes)
Secondary sex characteristics
traits not involved in sexual reproduction but indicate sexual maturity (breasts, body hair)
Social changes
adolescents become more autonomous from their parents, spend more time with peers, and begin exploring romantic relationships and sexuality
Emotional changes
seeking out positive and rewarding experiences and relationships, and learn how to minimize and manage negative emotions
Primary aging
gradual physical decline related to aging in all body parts and the rate is variable
Secondary aging
age related changes due to the environmental influences, poor health habits, or diseases
What are the Kübler-Ross stages of grief?
- Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
Continuous development
The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills
What three domains do developmental psychologists study for human growth and development?
physical, cognitive development, and psychosocial
How is lifespan development defined?
the study of how we grow and change from conception to death
The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.
object permanence
Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?
to solve the crisis of identity versus role confusion (forming an identity)
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?
zygote, embryo, fetus
The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.
critical period
What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?
zygote
Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.
fine motor skills
Motor skills
ability to move our body and manipulate objects
Fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
Gross motor skills
physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping
The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?
secure attachment
The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.
by 25 years old
Frontal lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
Who created the very first modern hospice?
Dame Cicely Saunders
Hospice
service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting
Adolescence
period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood
Adrenarche
maturing of the adrenal glands
Gonadarche
maturing of the sex glands
Menarche
beginning of menstrual period; around 12-13 years old
Spermarche
first male ejaculation
