G PSY CH 12 & 14 SG Flashcards
Social Psychology
Examines how people affect each other (situational factors in human response)
Social cognition
THE WAY PEOPLE THINK ABOUT OTHERS, ATTEND TO SOCIAL INFORMATION & USE THE INFORMATION IN THEIR LIVES
Cognitive dissonance
State of tension that results when behaviors are inconsistent with attitudes
Obedience
Changing behavior because we have been ordered to do so by an authority figure
Prejudice
negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group
Interpersonal attraction
The factors that lead us to form friendships or romantic relationships with others
Stress
Process where an individual perceives and responds to events that are overwhelming or threatening to them
Primary appraisals
judging degree of harm or threat to well-being
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome of stress
describes the physiologic changes your body goes through as it responds to stress
Chronic stress
It’s nonstop (illness and poverty)
PTSD
Mental health problem that some people develop after experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening event, like combat, a natural disaster, a car accident, or sexual assault
Type A
competitive, aggressive, impatient, and often hostile pattern of behaviors
(Hostility has been linked to cardiovascular disease)
Locus of control
differences in perceived sense of control stem from beliefs about where control resides
Coping and stress management
the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional abilities used to manage something that is perceived as difficult or challenging (Nutrition, Exercise, Relaxation, Progressive muscle relaxation, Mindfulness meditation, Social Support)
Resilience
face life stressors and challenges and you bounce back
Self-serving bias
Making internal attributions for your successes and making external attributions for your failures
Actor-observer bias
phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces
Social norm
Is a set of group expectations for appropriate thoughts and behaviors of its members.
On his first day of soccer practice, Jose suits up in a t-shirt, shorts, and cleats and runs out to the field to join his teammates. Jose’s behavior is reflective of ________.
a script
Script
person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Fitting in
When it comes to buying clothes, teenagers often follow social norms
Social roles
Socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Attitudes
It describe our evaluations of people, objects, and ideas.
Why does Cognitive dissonance cause discomfort?
Because it disrupts our sense of consistency
Central route to persuasion
The audience must be analytical and motivated for what to be effective?
Normative social influence
Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
Informational social influence
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
Social loafing
An individual’s performance cannot be evaluated especially when the task is easy
Groupthink
Group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus
________ occurs when the out-group is blamed for the in-group’s frustration.
scapegoating
Confirmation bias
When we seek out information that supports our stereotypes we are engaged in
Typically, bullying from boys is to ________ as bullying from girls is to ________.
physical harm; emotional harm
Diffusion of responsibility
Tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
Altruism
Humans’ desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
After moving to a new apartment building, research suggests that Sam will be most likely to become friends with ________.
his next door neighbor
What trait do both men and women tend to look for in a romantic partner?
physical attractiveness
According to the triangular theory of love, what type of love is defined by passion and intimacy but no commitment?
romantic love
According to social exchange theory, humans want to maximize the ________ and minimize the ________ in relationships.
benefits; costs
Triangular theory of love
Model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
At which stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to illness?
exhaustion
During an encounter judged as stressful, cortisol is released by the ________.
adrenal glands
According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment?
death of spouse
Daily hassles
minor irritations and annoyances that are part of our everyday lives and are capable of producing stress
What is one of the major criticisms of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?
It does not take into consideration how a person appraises an event.
Job burnout
General sense of emotional exhaustion and cynicism in relation to one’s job; consists of three dimensions: exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of diminished personal accomplishment
Lymphocytes
The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body
The risk of heart disease is especially high in individuals with…
depression
The most lethal dimension of Type A behavior pattern seems to be ________.
hostility
Perceived control
Peoples’ beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives
Individuals that tend to tolerate stress well have…
high levels of social support
Learned helplessness
Inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks
Happiness
Enduring state of mind consisting of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions; the sense that one’s life has meaning and value
What is positive affect?
State or a trait that involves pleasurable engagement with the environment, the dimensions of which include happiness, joy, enthusiasm, alertness, and excitement
Flow
state involving intense engagement in an activity; usually is experienced when participating in creative, work, and leisure endeavors
Attribution
BELIEFS ONE DEVELOPS TO EXPLAIN HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SITUATIONS
Attribution errors
TENDENCY TO OVERESTIMATE INTERNAL INFLUENCES OF OTHERS’ BEH. & UNDERESTIMATE SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES (Fundamental attribution error, Just-world hypothesis, Self-serving bias, False consensus effect)
Conformity
Tendency to modify behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions to match those of others
Compliance
Changes in behavior at the request or direction of another person or group, who in general does not have any true authority
Discrimination
negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group
Stereotypes
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
Eustress
the stress response to agreeable or positive stressors
Distress
the stress response to unpleasant and undesirable stressors
Acculturative stress
stress that occurs when people move to new countries or cultures and must adjust to a new way of life
Stressors
things that cause us stress
Secondary appraisals
judging options available to cope with stress & how effective options will be
Acute stress
It’s More Short-lived (Exams)
Type B
relaxed, patient, and nonaggressive pattern of behaviors
Type D
worry, tension, avoid dealing with problems directly
Hardiness C’s
•Commitment—sense of purpose in what do
•Control—believe are things that can you can control
•Challenges—enjoy the challenge
Foot-in-the-door technique
involves making a small request first, followed by a larger request
Door-in-the-face technique
involves making a large request first, followed by a smaller request
What is optimism?
Tendency toward a positive outlook and positive expectations
