G PSY CH 6 & 8 SG Flashcards
Learning
Is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
Who were the major contributors to learning?
Pavlov, Skinner, & Bandura
What did Pavlov contribute to learning?
Classical Conditioning
What did Skinner contribute to learning?
Operant Conditioning
What did Bandura contribute to learning?
Observational Learning
What is classical conditioning?
A process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism.
Unconditioned response
A natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus.
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
Conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response
The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus.
Higher/Second-order conditioning
Pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus.
Acquisition
The initial period of learning.
Extinction
The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery
The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
Stimulus discrimination
An organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
Stimulus generalization
An organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus
Operant conditioning
Organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence
Law of effect
Behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
Positive reinforcement
A desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior
Negative reinforcement
An undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior
Punishment
Always decreases a behavior
Positive punishment
You add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior
Negative punishment
You remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior