G PSY CH 7 SG Flashcards
What is cognition?
it is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, learning, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory
Problem solving
the variety of approaches that can be used to achieve a goal
Solving the problems step by step:
- Understand the problem
- Choose an approach to solve the problem
- Evaluate your approach
What are the pitfalls of problem solving?
functional fixedness, mental sets, emotional barriers, and confirmation bias
Functional fixedness
occurs when familiar objects can only be imaged to function in their normal or usual way
Emotional barriers
anxiety, stress, depression
Confirmation bias
the tendency to look for advice that uphold your beliefs and to overlook advice that runs counter to them
Cognitive psychology
Is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of human thinking
Concept
category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
Prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?
the team captain
Artificial concept
concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?
a triangle’s area
Schema
(plural = schemata) mental
construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
Event schema
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script
Syntax
manner by which words are organized into sentences
__________ are the smallest
unit of language that carry meaning.
Morphemes
Semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
_____________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
Phonemes
Algorithm
problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
Insight
sudden stroke of clarity (AHA!)
Heuristic
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework
Trial and error
problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found
Mental set
using strategies that you have always used even if they don’t work well
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
anchoring bias
Representative bias
A bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision
Fluid intelligence is characterized by ___________.
being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
Gardner introduced
multiple intelligences eight different types consisting of:
Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, and Naturalist
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg
Analytical intelligence
aligned with academic problem solving and computations
Analytical
When you are examining data to look for trends
Representative sample
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
The mean score for a person with an average
IQ is …
100
Intelligence quotient
(IQ)
score on a test designed to measure intelligence
Who developed the IQ
test most widely used today?
David Wechsler
Intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) now
uses _________ as a
diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental r****.
intellectual disability
Where does high intelligence come from?
genetics and environment
Arthur Jensen believed that …
genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
Neurological disorder
a disease of the nervous system that impairs a person’s health, resulting in some level of disability
What is a learning disability?
a neurological disorder
