G PSY CH 7 SG

Question 1

What is cognition?

Answer 1

it is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, learning, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory

Question 2

Problem solving

Answer 2

the variety of approaches that can be used to achieve a goal

Question 3

Solving the problems step by step:

Answer 3

1. Understand the problem
2. Choose an approach to solve the problem
3. Evaluate your approach

Question 4

What are the pitfalls of problem solving?

Answer 4

functional fixedness, mental sets, emotional barriers, and confirmation bias

Question 5

Functional fixedness

Answer 5

occurs when familiar objects can only be imaged to function in their normal or usual way

Question 6

Emotional barriers

Answer 6

anxiety, stress, depression

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

the tendency to look for advice that uphold your beliefs and to overlook advice that runs counter to them

Question 8

Cognitive psychology

Answer 8

Is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of human thinking

Question 9

Concept

Answer 9

category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences

Question 10

Prototype

Answer 10

a mental image or best example of a category

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

Answer 11

the team captain

Question 12

Artificial concept

Answer 12

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?

Answer 13

a triangle’s area

Question 14

Schema

Answer 14

(plural = schemata) mental
construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Question 15

Event schema

Answer 15

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

Question 16

Syntax

Answer 16

manner by which words are organized into sentences

Question 17

__________ are the smallest
unit of language that carry meaning.

Answer 17

Morphemes

Question 18

Semantics

Answer 18

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

Question 19

_____________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.

Answer 19

Phonemes

Question 20

Algorithm

Answer 20

problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

Question 21

Insight

Answer 21

sudden stroke of clarity (AHA!)

Question 22

Heuristic

Answer 22

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework

Question 23

Trial and error

Answer 23

problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

Question 24

Mental set

Answer 24

using strategies that you have always used even if they don’t work well

Question 25

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

Answer 25

anchoring bias

Question 26

Representative bias

Answer 26

A bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision

Question 27

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ___________.

Answer 27

being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

Question 28

Gardner introduced multiple intelligences eight different types consisting of:

Answer 28

Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, and Naturalist

Question 29

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 29

Sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical

Question 30

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Answer 30

Robert Sternberg

Question 31

Analytical intelligence

Answer 31

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

Question 32

Analytical

Answer 32

When you are examining data to look for trends

Question 33

Representative sample

Answer 33

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

Question 34

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is …

Answer 34

100

Question 35

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 35

score on a test designed to measure intelligence

Question 36

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

Answer 36

David Wechsler

Question 37

Intellectual disability

Answer 37

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

Question 38

The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) now uses _________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental r******.

Answer 38

intellectual disability

Question 39

Where does high intelligence come from?

Answer 39

genetics and environment

Question 40

Arthur Jensen believed that …

Answer 40

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

Question 41

Neurological disorder

Answer 41

a disease of the nervous system that impairs a person's health, resulting in some level of disability

Question 42

What is a learning disability?

Answer 42

a neurological disorder