G PSY CH 1, 2, 3 SG Flashcards
Psychology
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOR, MENTAL PROCESSES
What are the subfields of psychology?
-NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY & BIOLOGY
-CLINICAL
ASSESS & TREAT MENTAL ISSUES
-DEVELOPMENTAL
CHANGES THRU LIFESPAN
-FORENSIC
PSYCHOLOGY & LAW
-HEALTH
HEALTH & WELLNESS
-INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O)
PSYCHOLOGY & BUSINESS
-SOCIAL
INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
Behavioral perspective
behavior is learned primarily through associations, reinforcers, and observation
Humanistic perspective
humans are naturally inclined to grow in a positive direction
Cognitive perspective
behavior is driven by cognitive processes
Evolutionary perspective
humans have evolved characteristics that help them adapt to the environment increasing their chances of surviving and reproducing
Psychoanalytic perspective
underlying conflicts influence behavior
Biological perspective
Behavior and mental processes arise from physiological activity
Sociocultural perspective
other people and the broader cultural context, influence behavior and mental processes
Biopsychosocial perspective
behavior and mental processes are shaped by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Structuralism
-WUNDT & TITCHNER
-CONSCIOUS MIND
-HOW FORM SENSATIONS, IMAGES, & FEELINGS
-METHOD—INTROSPECTION
-breaking down mental processes into the most basic components
-CONTRIBUTION—STARTING POINT FOR PSYCHOLOGY
Functionalism
-STUDY WAY MIND FUNCTIONS TO ENABLE HUMANS TO ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENT
-MIND
-BEHAVIOR
-LEADER— JAMES
-METHOD
-NO STRUCTURED METHOD
-PROBLEM
-NO WAY TO GATHER INFO
-CONTRIBUTION–BROADEN SCOPE OF PSY.
Gestalt psychology
a movement in psychology founded in Germany in 1912, seeking to explain perceptions in terms of gestalts rather than by analyzing their constituents (patterns or configuration)
Hypothesis
proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
Theory
a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained
What are the steps of the scientific method?
-Develop a question (theory)
-Develop a hypothesis (prediction)
-Design study and collect data
-Analyze the data
-Publish the findings
Naturalistic observation
STUDY SUBJECTS IN NATURAL SETTING
Case study
INDEPTH STUDY OF 1 PERSON
Survey
ESTIMATES ATTITUDES OR BEHAVIORS OF A POPULATION
Correlation
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 FACTORS (DOES NOT MEAN CAUSE & EFFECT)
Experiment
ANSWERS QUESTIONS ABOUT CAUSES, 1 OR MORE FACTORS (VARIABLES) MANIPULATED TO SEE EFFECT ON SOME BEHAVIOR
Longitudinal research
researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time
Cross-sectional research
observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time
Illusory correlations
a perceiver that two variables are associated with each other, even though they were not associated in the information on which the judgment was based
Confirmation bias
the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories (you grade student A’s work higher than student B’s for no specific reason)
Central nervous system
receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system
CONVEYS SIGNALS FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS TO CNS & TRANSMITS COMMAND TO MUSCLES
Brain
controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body
Spinal cord
send motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes (transmits information to, and from the brain)
Somatic nervous system
CONTROLS SKELETAL MUSCLES VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY
Autonomic nervous system
CONTROLS SMOOTH MUSCLES & GLANDS (E.G., HEART) INVOLUNTARY
Sympathetic nervous system
AROUSING (FIGHT OR FLIGHT)
Parasympathetic
RELAXING
Dendrites
receiving end of neuron
Axon
transmits info
Myelin Sheath
white fatty substance that speeds up the neural message
Neuron
Nerve cell
Sensory neurons (AFFERENT)
CARRY INFORMATION FROM THE SENSE RECEPTORS TO BRAIN
MOTOR NEURON (EFFERENT)
CARRY INFORMATION FROM BRAIN TO MUSCLES
INTERNEURONS
HELP BRIDGE OR CONNECT SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS
SAME neurons = ?
Sensory, Afferent, Motor, Efferent
Cerebrum
largest part of the brain; two distinct hemispheres
Corpus callosum
thick band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Dopamine
give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation
Serotonin
mood, sleep, digestion, nausea, wound healing, bone health, blood clotting and sexual desire
Endocrine system
glands that make hormones
Alzheimer’s disease
-Irreversible, progressive brain disorder
-Slowly destroys memory & thinking skills
-Eventually a person loses the ability to carry out the simplest tasks
Aphasia
-Affects the ability to communicate using language
-Usually due to stroke or traumatic injury to the brain (broca’s (speech production) and wernicke’s area (language comprehension))
Prosopagnosia
-Inability to recognize faces “Face-blindness”
-May be present at birth (congenital)
-May be a result of traumatic brain injury, stroke, or degenerative disease
