G&D Theorists Flashcards
Erikson is what type of theorist?
psychosocial
Which theorist does this represent?
Success in a crisis involves a balance of the positive and negative traits
Erikson’s psychosocial
Piaget is what type of theorist?
cognitive
What theorist does this represent?
development of intellect and knowledge of the environment gained through the senses
Piaget’s cognitive
milestones
Freud is what type of theorist?
psychosexual
This theory defines the sexual energy of the id as it takes different forms as a child matures.
Freud’s psychosexual
ID
the unconscious part of yourself
“ You want to go out with your fiends! Don’t study!”
Superego
conscious
“You must study all night or you won’t pass the test!”
Ego
balance between the id and superego
“Balance! Study now and after you do well on the test you can spend time with friends.”
Kohlberg is what type of theorists?
Moral development
This theory involves the acceptance of the rules and morals of society to shape behaviors.
Kohlberg’s Morals
What morals are involved in Kohlberg’s Pre-conventional level?
Avoiding Punishment
Self-interest
What morals are involved in Kohlberg’s conventional level?
Good boy/girl Attitude
Law and Order Morality
What morals are involved in Kohlberg’s Post-conventional level?
Social contract
Principle
Infants age
birth to 1 year
Theories involved in Infancy
Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust
Freud: Oral
Piaget: Sensorimotor stage 1-4
Trust vs Mistrust is explored in what age group?
Infants (birth to 12 months)
Trust vs Mistrust
“The Sense That There Is Some Correspondence Between Your Needs And Your World.”
Food, warmth, and touch stimulation
If not met, then develop mistrust
Narcissism
Narcissism
egocentrism
total concern for one’s self
Mistrust can develop
when the infant’s needs are not met
AND
the parent meets the needs before the infant expresses them do to not allowed to express themselves (Constant and rigorous schedule)
Crucial Elements of Trust vs Mistrust
Quality Of The Caregiver/ Child Relationship
Consistency of Care
What psychosexual stage occurs in infancy?
Oral
Oral Stage
Birth to 1 year
source of pleasure-seeking
sucking, biting, chewing, and vocalizing
Freud significance
development of personality
psychological
NONnutritive sucking
not satisfied by feeding - pleasure to sucking
fingers, pacifiers
If you are taking care of an infant, who is NPo what do you do to soothe them?
NONnutritive
oral phase
pacifiers, gloved finger, sweet-ease
Pacifiers include
Sturdy, One-Piece Construction
No Detachable Ribbon Or String
2 Ventilating Holes
Handle
Sensorimotor Period
birth to 24 months
Through senses and actions, the infant understands the world
Progress from reflex to repetitive acts to initiate activity to imitation
What stages of sensorimotor are in infancy?
1) Reflexes
2) Primary circular reactions
3) Secondary circular reactions
4) Coordination of secondary reactions
Sensorimotor behavior pattern
reflex to repetitive to imitation
action plan with the environment
What are the crucial events of sensorimotor?
separation
object permanence
symbols and mental representation
Object permanence
objects don’t exist once they leave their field of vision
Symbols/mental representation
reproduce/repeat a previous action later on
Circular reaction
action that is repeated over and over
Primary
centered on or around the infant’s body
Secondary
orientation to the environment
When does the 1st stage (reflexes) occur in sensorimotor infancy?
birth to 1 month
When does the 2nd stage (primary circular) occur in sensorimotor infancy?
1-4 months
When does the 3rd stage (secondary circular) occur in sensorimotor infancy?
4-8 months
When does the 4th stage (coordination of secondary) occur in sensorimotor infancy?
8-12 months
Stage 1 Sensorimotor
Reflexes
sucking, rooting, grasping, crying
Stage 2 Sensorimotor
Primary circular reactions
centered around body
beginning to replace reflexive behavior with voluntary actions
Stage 3 Sensorimotor
secondary circular reactions
greater awareness of the environment
6 - months: Imitation, increased affect, and object permanence
About 6 months what happens in the stage 3 sensorimotor
imitation - wave
increased affect - hear and recognize sound
object permanence
Stage 4 Sensorimotor
coordination of secondary
begin intellectual reasoning
anticipate events
begin to associate symbols and events
bye bye means leaving
Separation anxiety is the combination of
beginning awareness that mother and self are separate beings
+
object permanence
Stranger Anxiety develops
6-8 months
Stranger Anxiety is
infant becomes too attached to one person and less friendly to others
object permanence
reemerging during toddler period
HOw can a nurse help ease the child when they are 6-8 months old and have stranger anxiety?
talk softly
maintain good distance
avoid sudden and intrusive behaviors
transition object
Toddler theories
Erickson: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Freud: Anal Stage
Piaget: Sensorimotor stages 4-5 to preoperational period
Autonomy vs Same and Doubt
develop a sense of control
**process of “holding on and letting go”
Clash of wills
process of “holding on and letting g
Toddlers show autonomy vs shame and doubt though
wanting to something one day then not doing it the next because they don’t want to
During the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, what does the child show
choices and preferences
picky eaters
If they obtain the autonomy task, then they are able to
self-control
will power
If they fail to obtain the autonomy they experience
shame and doubt
with poor tolerance to frustration
How do you take care of a toddler in the hospital setting, when they are growing through a sense of control?
Give choices
What are the critical effects of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?
Negativism (NO ME DO)
Ritualism (routine and sameness)
Transitional Object
Anal Phase consists of when?
1-3 years
What is the major event of the anal stage?
toilet training
In 12-18 months what physiological event occurs for the toddler to start toilet training?
myelination of the spinal cord is complete
needs to be completed before the toddler can have voluntary stimulation to the bowel and anal sphincter
In 12-18 months what psychological event occurs for the toddler to start toilet training?
willing and want to please their parents
not wanting to be wet or dirty
What are some signs the toddler is ready to start toilet training?
waking up dry from a nap or overnightsleep
being aware of the urge to void or stool
communicating need to go
being dry for at least 2 hours duringthe day
Stage 5 sensorimotor
“little scientists”
aware of causal relations
cannot transfer knowledge to new situations
increase ability to venture away from parents
awareness of behind doors
When does the 5th stage (tertiary circular) occur in toddlers?
12-18 months
Stage 6 sensorimotor
Imitation/Domestic mimicry
Can Use Mental Images To Represent Objects
Problem Solving In Their Mind
Some Sense Of Timing – timeouts 1 min per year of age
When does the 6th stage (inventions of new means) occur in toddlers?
19-24 months
A pre-operational period occurs when?
2-7 years
Pre-operational period involves
problem solving based on what the child sees and hears (add on to known)
think and reason at a primitive/immature level
difficulty telling reality from fantasy
Pre-operational toddlers critical events
Egocentrism
Animism
Magical Thought
Irreversibility
Centration
Egocentrism
views everything in relation to self
Animism
giving life-like or human qualities to animals and inert objects
Magical Thought
wishing makes it so
Irreversibility
cannot undo
Centration
focuses on one aspect of a situation
Preschool-age theorists
Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt
Freud: Phallic Stage
Piaget: Preoperational Period
Kohlberg: Punishment & Obedience/Instrumental Relativist
Initiative vs Guilt
live to the fullest
stage of energetic learning
start projects but don’t finish them, intrusive with mouth and bodies
If the preschooler obtains the initiative task, what happens?
sense of purpose
self-confidence
delf-direction
If the preschooler obtains the guilt task instead of the initiative, what happens?
fear of punioshment and guilt
In infancy, if needs are not met or not allowed to express those needs, what might the infant develop?
Mistrust
Phallic stage
recognize difference between sexes
Oedipus and Electra Complexes
“Where do babies come from?”
Oedipus and Electra Complex
little boy loves mother
little girl loves father
with competition of the same sex parent for love of the other
preschoolers remain in the
preoperational period
Egocentrism
Animism
Magical Thought
Irreversibility
Centration
difficulty reality from fantasy
Difficulty telling Reality from Fantasy
immature logic
fear of body mutilation (poor understanding of the body)
adult induced fears
other fears (monsters and the dark)
Kohlberg’s Punishment and Obedience Orientation
2-4 y/o
action is good or bad depending on the outcome from reward to punishment
Kohlberg’s Instrumental Relativist Orientation
4-7 y/o
actions directed towards needs and not the needs of others
fair exchange not on loyalty, justice, or gratitude
Egocentristic
“What’s in it for me?”
School-Age Child theories
Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority
Freud: Latency Period
Piaget: Preoperational to Concrete
Kohlberg: Good Boy, Nice Girl/Law and Order
Industry vs Inferiority
Child Desires Real Achievement
-Self-Esteem Tied To Sense Of Industry
Attitude Toward Work Develops for mastery
All children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skills they cannot master
Industry vs Inferiority task completion
Industry, competence, and self-confidence
Industry vs Inferiority failure to resolve task
Feelings of inferiority and fears that one cannot meet theexpectations of others
Latency Period
relations centered around the same-sex peers
Latency period invested in
Building On Existing Skills
Acquiring Knowledge
Vigorous Play
Latency period is the_______ before the storm
calm (tranquility)
School-aged children ages
6-puberty
Pre-operational period ends at
7 y/o
Preoperational period to concrete period
Shift from total egocentric thought to social awareness and the ability to consider other viewpoints
Concrete Operational Period
7-11 y/o
egocentristic to objective
classification and logic easily
conservation = reversibility
Collecting of objects
Conservation
test a child’s ability to see that some properties are conserved or invariant after an object undergoes physical transformation
Concrete Operational Period
conservation = reversibility
Collecting of objects
adjustment to school (expands from fam to larger society)
humor
skeptical
learn parents are not fallible
Kohlberg’s School-age child 7-10 y/o
Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation
Living up to expectations
10 Years-Old from Kohlber’s theories
understand the intent of actions
Kohlber’s school aged child 10-12 y/o
law and order orientation
- consider society as a whole when making judgments
- Focus on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty and respecting authority
Adolescence theorists
Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion
Freud: Genital Stage
Piaget: Formal Operational Thought
Kohlberg: Principled Moral Reasoning/Ethics
Identity vs Role Confusion
Who Am I and Where am I Going?
New Emotions, Body, Thoughts
New Sense Of Identity
Group identity
Individual identity
Sex-Role identity
Key is interaction with others/relationships
Identity versus Role Confusion Task
Identity formation and a sense of self as an individual
Identity versus Role Confusion failure to resolve task
Role confusion, lowered self-esteem, and a poor self-concept
Genital Stage
Maturation of the reproductive system
like and dislike in people
Energies invested in forming friendships and preparing for marriage
Piaget’s Formal Operational Thought
Ability To Consider
Abstract Ideas
Various Possibilities
The Future
Adolescence ages
puberty to 20
Piaget’s concepts of self
Adolescent Egocentrism (extreme periods of self-absorption)
Imaginary Audience
Personal Fable
Imaginary audience
Imagines Everyone Is Focused OnHis/HerBehavior And Appearance
“everybody will notice”
Personal Fables
Belief That One’s Feelings And Experiences Are Completely Unique
‘you just don’t understand”, “other people can get STD’s, but not me” pregnant, MVA
Kohlber’s adolescent stages 13+
Principled Moral Reasoning
Aware that others hold values and opinions
Values and rules are relative to the group of which they associate
Self-chosen ethical principles into adulthood
Freud’s Mnemonic involved in age groups
Old Aged People like Gelatin
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Piaget’s Mnemonic
Some Pigs Can Fly
Sensorimotor (infancy to toddlers)
Preop (toddlers to preschool)
Concrete (school age)
Formal Op. (adolescent)
Erickson’s mnemonic
Trust all girls in red
Trust vs Mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (toddlers)
Initiative vs Guilt (preschool)
Industry vs Inferiority (school age)
Identity vs Role Confusion (adolescent)
