G&D of an Infant Flashcards
Birth weight doubles by what age? (months)
6 months
Birth length increases by what % by 12 months?
50%
The posterior fontanel closes by what age? (weeks)
8 weeks
Social smile occurs at what age? (months)
2 months
This reflex should disappear by 4 months.
Moro/Startle Reflex
Steady head control is achieved by what age? (months)
4 months
Infants head turns to locate sound by what age? (months)
3 months
At what age should an infant be able to roll from abdomen to back and back to abdomen? (time frame)
5-6 months
An infant is able to play what after 6 months?
peek-a-boo
At what age is an infant able to transfer objects from hand to hand? (months)
7 months
When does an infant develop stranger anxiety? (time frame)
7-9 months
An infant is able to sit in a _______ position or with support by what age? (months)
tripod position; 6 months
When should an infant be able to sit withOUT support? (months)
8 months
When should an infant be able to crawl? (months)
10 months
When does fine pincher grasp begin in an infant? (time frame)
10-12 months
When does an infant typically begin to wave “bye-bye?” (months)
10 months
Walking with assistance should occur around what time frame?
10-12 months
An infant should be able to say a few words in addition to “mama” and “dada.” (months)
12 months
In which age group is it common for the child to explore their environment by motor and oral means?
(Infant) Birth to 1 year
What is Erikson’s Stage of Psychosocial Development for an Infant (birth-1 year)?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth weight _____ by 12 months.
Triples
At what age should the Babinski Reflex disappear? If it does not, what are our 2 major concerns?
12 months
- ) neuromuscular disability= cerebral palsy
- ) if it goes away and then comes back= possible neuro injury
At what age should the Tonic Neck Reflex disappear and what should happen afterwards?
3-4 months; the baby should be able to roll over
Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) occurs during the first year of life with the peak being at what age?
2-4 months
Concepts of bodily injury in infants is what?
after 6 months, their cognitive development allows them to remember pain
DTAP vaccines are given at what ages (3 times)
2-4-6 months
A how much weight is gained per month for the first six months?
1.5 lbs
How much growth in height is achieved each month for the first six months?
one inch
By the two month visit what is expected?
- expected smiling spontaneously
- Follows past Midland
- loves looking at faces
- imitates facial expressions
- turns head to sounds
- coos
if the infant does not turn their head to sound about two months what is the next step?
hearing evaluation will be done
T/F: Strabismus is normal in young infant; however, should not be present after three months of age.
true
-Gross Motor-
at what age does an infant raise its head and chest when lying on stomach and supports upper body with arms to about 45 degree angle?
2 months
-Gross Motor-
when should tummy time start and how often?
tummy time should be done when the infant is awake and should be started as soon as possible; should you should do two to three times per day for five minutes and then increase.
-Gross Motor-
Mobiles-dark and light, black and white should be used during what age period?
birth to 2 months
-Gross Motor-
At what age should rattles, cradle gyms be used?
2-4 months
-Gross Motor-
What are seven causes for concern at the three month mark?
- no response to loud noises
- does not try to find speakers face with his eyes
- does not COO, vocalize
- constant fisted hand
- stiff legs
- does not lift head when lying on stomach
- crosses eyes most of the time (strabismus)
-Gross Motor-
What teaching should be done around the three month mark?
- safety when rolling over
- use of hands (from hands to mouth)
- burn risk
- side rails always up
-Gross Motor-
Sits up with support by what age?
6 months
-Gross Motor-
What three reflexes should disappear by four to six months, and if they don’t cause reason for concern?
- Moro
- tonic neck
- rooting reflex
-Gross Motor-
When tonic neck reflex disappears, the infant is able to turn over from abdomen to back at _____ months, and back to abdomen at ____months.
5 months; 6 months
-Gross Motor-
At age 4 to six months tongue thrust diminishing signals then an infant is ready to start what?
infant is ready to start eating
-Gross Motor-
At what age does teething begin and drooling is common?
4-6 months
-Gross Motor-
An infant will gain his/her first tooth at what age and lose it at what age?
6 months; 6 years
-Sensory/language-
At what age is an infant able to vocalize Mama and da-da?
4-6 months
-Sensory/language-
Infant begins making _____ sounds first then vowels.
consonant
-Sensory/language-
T/F: At four to six months an infant responds to rhythms
true
-Social/Emotional-
Comforting habits such as _______ sucking begins at 4 to 6 months.
thumb
-Social/Emotional-
At four to six months an infant is able to smile and ______.
laugh
-Social/Emotional-
At four to six months an infant demands attention by doing what?
fussing
-Social/Emotional-
At 46 months an infant is able to smile at ______ images.
mirror
-Social/Emotional-
At four to six months an infant has _______ interest and attachment to parents.
increased
-Social/Emotional-
________ cycle establishes trust and produces confidence in parents.
reciprocal
-Social/Emotional-
What are some age appropriate toys for a four to six month old infant?
- bright colored, soft toys (color vision around five month mark)
- toys that are small enough to grasp
-Social/Emotional-
What are some age appropriate toys for a four to six month old infant?
- bright colored, soft toys (color vision around five month mark)
- toys that are small enough to grasp
-Nutrition-
between 4 and 6 months an infant will begin ____-______ cereal.
iron-fortified
-Nutrition-
What type of cereal is recommended first for a four to six month old infant?
rice cereal
-Nutrition-
Fetal iron stores or depleted by ___ months for term infant, this can be at ___ months in pre term infants.
four months; two months
-Nutrition-
T/F: milk alternatives, like rice milks or nut milks, can be used as replacement for breast milk.
false: these are low in protein, calcium, vitamin D. Because these can lead to an electrolyte imbalance, we should check to see if any of these are being used before we test for other things.
-Nutrition-
How should solid foods be introduced to an infant at six months?
start with one food and give that food for a whole day-for three days while checking for allergy, if none, start on a second food and repeat the process
-Motor-
What are five key milestones that a 6 month old infant should achieve?
- good head support
- no head lag
- rolling in both directions
- bears weight on legs
- sitting with support-tripod sitting
- reaches for objects
-Motor-
How should you take care of a six-month old’s tooth/teeth?
clean teeth with plain water and a washcloth
-Motor-
What is a simple way a figuring out how many teeth an infant should have?
age of child in months minus 6 = number of teeth
-Motor-
T/F: routine fluid supplementation is not recommended for infants younger than six months.
true
-Motor-
What is objective permanence and at what age does it occur?
the infant knows when a parent leaves the room or their toy falls and they can’t get it, they still know it’s around just can’t figure out a way to get it back
-Motor-
At 7 to 9 months _____ anxiety occurs.
stranger anxiety
-Motor-
stranger anxiety often leads the nurse having to take a different approach when talking with the infant and Guardian(s)
this is when the nurse has to talk to the parent slash Guardian first then the attachment object and then the kiddo
-Motor-
At what age does an infant develop attachment to a blanket or teddy bear?
7-9 months
-Motor-
At what age should an infant begin to crawl?
7-9 months
-Motor-
An infant is able to rake objects initially then progress is too crude pincher grasp (use of four to five fingers) at what age?
7-9 months
-Motor-
At 7 to 9 months an infant is able to stand while doing what?
while holding on to something
-Nutrition-
From 7-9 months, continue introducing food slowly this includes what type of foods?
soft, mashed table foods
-Nutrition-
No egg whites should be given until what age?
1 year
-Nutrition-
What are some foods not to feed a baby?
- honey
- hot dogs
- grapes
- hard candies
- raw carrots
- popcorn
- cows milk of any kind before one year of age
-Nutrition-
What are two things that can be introduced earlier; however, if there is a family history of this particular allergy, the trial may be held in a clinic rather than at home?
-nuts and peanut butter
-Sensory/Language-
For a 7–9-month-old, it is common for him/her to babbles contentedly to his/herself upon ______.
waking
-Sensory/Language-
A 7-9 month old infant is able to respond to _____ commands and understands what word?
simple; no
-Sensory/Language-
At seven to nine months ______ perception begins developing.
depth
-Sensory/Language-
Playing peekaboo is associated with development of what?
object permanence
-Sensory/Language-
At 7 to 9 months motor activity is necessary for ________ development.
cognitive
What are some age appropriate toys for a 6 to 9 month old infant?
- large toys with bright colors and movable parts
- toys that make noise
- pots and pans in nesting containers
What is the number one priority for this child because of their unsteady gait?
safety
By 10 to 12 months head and chest circumference are _____.
equal
At 10 to 12 months toddler ________ is evident during walking.
lordosis
By 10 to 12 months the infant is able to use ______ grasp, which is using only 2-3 fingers when picking up small objects like cheerios.
pincher
By what age is an infant able to feed themselves with a spoon?
10-12 months
At what age is an infant able to wave bye-bye?
10-12 months
At what age is an infant able to say ma-ma in da-da specifically and knows what it means?
10 to 12 months but typically closer to 12 months
At what age is an infant able to know their own name?
10-12 months
At 10 to 12 months an infant is able to say simple words to communicate their needs, this is typically about ___ - ____ word vocabulary.
3-5
By 10 to 12 months an infant should be able to win from a bottle and use a ____.
cup
By 10 to 12 months an infant should be eating __ meals and snacks.
3
Do not start giving an infant home milk or egg whites until after what age?
12 months/one year
What age group makes up for the most victims of poisoning?
under five years of age
How can poisoning be prevented?
- keep everything up and locked
- never store nonedible things in containers that are meant for edible things
What are some common things infants consume that can be poisonous?
- adult meds
- alcohol
- plants
- ashtrays
What number should every Guardian have saved?
poison control (1-800-222-1222)
What two screenings are the most important to do at the 12 month visit?
- lead screening
- hematocrit screening
Even though lead blood level test can be done anytime if infant is at risk, the universal lead serum test are done at ___ and ___ years.
1 and 2
The level of concern for an elevated blood lead level is ___ mcg/dL.
5
What are some nursing interventions for lead poisoning?
- family education for preventing childhood exposure to lead
- wash toys and pacifiers frequently
- make sure that home exposure is not occurring from parental occupations or hobbies
- hot water dissolves solid, so use only cold water for consumption (drinking, cooking, making baby formula)
- assist family to obtain sources of help for removing lead from the environment
- do not vacuum hard-surfaced floors or windows sills are windows well in homes built before 1960; this spreads dust
- wash and dry child’s hands and face frequently, especially before eating
Use of non-fluoride toothpaste is recommended until the infant can ____ and _____. Typically, at what age does this begin?
swish and spit; 3 years
What are some age appropriate toys for a 9 to 12 month old infant?
- books with large pictures
- push-pull toys
- teddy bears
- balls
What are some major causes for concern at the 12-month mark?
- not crawling
- not pulling to stand
- says no single consonant sounds (ma-ma, da-da)
- does not use gestures
- does not respond to baby games like “Pat-a-cake” or “Peek-a-boo.”
Continue rear facing car seat until child outgrows rear facing car seat by reaching the top ____ or _____ limit allowed by your car seats manufacturer.
height or weight
What are three types of care needed to accomplish Eric sends psychosocial development of trust versus mistrust in an infant zero to 12 months?
- consistent
- predictable
- reliable
What interventions can a nurse implement during hospitalization of the infant to decrease major fears including separation and stranger anxiety?
- provide consistent caretakers
- provide attachment objects ( blanket, teddy bear)
- keep Guardian in room as much as possible
What are 5 things to consider when communicating with infants?
- touch
- soft voice
- responsive to crying
- take turns in baby conversation
- develop from babbling and cooing to single word production
What is the normal temperature range for an infant?
36.5 to 37.5 degrees Celsius ( 97.6 to 99.8 degrees Fahrenheit)
What is the normal heart rate for an infant?
110 to 160
What is the normal respiratory rate for an infant?
30 to 60
How much sleep does an infant need?
12 to 16 hours of sleep including naps
