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further synthetic routes Flashcards

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1
Q

hepatocytes

A

liver cells

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2
Q

why is there a good blood supply to the liver

A

thi enables the liver cells to remove excess or unwanted substances from the blood

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3
Q

what are the two supplies of blood to the liver

A

the hepatic artery
the hepatic portal vein

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4
Q

what is the hepatic artery

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver in order to supply oxygen for respiration

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5
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein

A

carries deoxygenated blood fro, the digestive system i order to be filtered of toxic and useful products

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6
Q

hepatic vein

A

the vessel through which blood leaves the liver

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7
Q

bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver to the gall bladder where it is stored untill required to aid digestion of fats in the small intestine

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8
Q

what is bile

A

a secretion from the liver which has functions in digestion and excretion.
also contains excretory product such as bile pigments which leave the body through feaces

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9
Q

how are the vessels and chambers inside the liver aranged to ensure the greatest possible contact between the blood and the liver cells

A

liver is divided into lobes which are further divided into lobules. the lobulea are cylindrical

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10
Q

what are inter lobular vessels

A

hepatic artery and portal vein split into smaller and smaller vessels. these run between and parallel to the lobules

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11
Q

what is a sinusoid

A

branches from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein enter the lobules the blood from the two vessels are mixed and are passed along a sinusoid

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12
Q

what are kupffer cells

A

these are cells that move about within sinusoids and recycle old red blood cells

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13
Q

where does blood go after the sinusoid

A

intra lobular vessels:
the branches of hepatic vein from different lobules join together to form hepatic vein, which drains blood from the liver.

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14
Q

why is the cytoplasm of liver cells very dense

A

their many metabolic functions include:
protein synthesis, transformation and storage of carbohydrates,
synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts,
detoxification

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15
Q

define ornithine cycle

A

a series of biochemical reactions that convert ammonia to urea

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16
Q

what are the metabolic functions of the liver

A

control of blood glucose levels, amino acid levels , lipid levels

synthesis of bile, plasma proteins , cholesterol

synthesis of red blood cells in the fetus

storage of vitamins A, D andB12, iron, glycogen

detoxification of alcohol, drugs

breakdown of homones

destruction of red blood cells

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17
Q

what are examples of enzymes that render toxic molecules less toxic

A

catalase
cytochrome P450

18
Q

how is alcohol broken down by hepatocytes

A

by action of the enzyme ethanol dehydrogenase. the resulting compound is ehtanal which is dehydrogenised further to ethanoate

19
Q

what causes fatty liver

A

alcohol uses up its stores of NAD and has insufficient left to deal with the fatty acids

20
Q

the ornathene cycle

A

ammonia and carbon dioxide combine with ornithine to produce citruline. this is converted to argenine by addition of further ammonia. the argenine is converted to ornithine by the removal of urea

21
Q

define nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney

22
Q

define ultrafiltration

A

filtration of the blood at a molecular level under pressure

23
Q

what is the cortex of the kidney

A

the outer region

24
Q

what is thw medulla of the kidney

A

the inner region

25
Q

what is the difference between affverent and efferent arteriones

A

afferent goes in efferent leaves

26
Q

how is the endothelium of the capillary adapted to ultrafiltration

A

there are narrow gaps between the cells of the endothelium of the capillary wall.there are also pores called fenestrations that allow blood plasma and the substances dissolved in it to pass out the capillary

27
Q

how is the basement membrane adapted to ultrafiltration

A

consists of collagen fibres and glycoproteins and acts as a filter that only allows molecules of molecular mass greater than 69000 so most proteins and rbc are kept in the capillaries

28
Q

how are epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule adapted to ultrafiltraton

A

podocytes:
have many finger like projections
holds cells away from capillary endothelium these ensure there are gaps between the cells so fluid from the blood in the glomerulus can pass throuhg

29
Q

what is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

all sugars
most mineral ions
some water
85% of all fluids reabsorbed

30
Q

what happens to water potential at the decending limb of the loop of henle

A

water potential of the fluid is decreaced by addition of mineral ions and removal of water

31
Q

what happens to water potential at the acending limb of the loop of henle

A

water potential is increaced as mineral ions are removed by acive transport

32
Q

what happens to water potential at the collecting duct

A

water potential is decreaced again by the removal of water.

33
Q

what is the overall purpose of the loop of henle

A

to create a water potential gradient

34
Q

antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

A

a hormone that controls the permeability of the collecting duct walls

35
Q

osmoreceptor

A

a sensory receptor that detects changes in water potential

36
Q

how does ADH control permeability of the collecting duct

A

ADH binds to receptors and causes a chain of enzyme controlled reactions inside the cell. the end result of these reactions is to cause vesicles containing water permeable channels to fuse with the cell surface membrne.

37
Q

Define glomerular filtration rate

A

the rate at which fluid enters the nephrons

38
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies made from one type of cell, they are specific to one complimentary molecule

39
Q

renal dialysis

A

a mechanism used to artificially regulate the concentrations of solutes in the blood

40
Q

what are the main treatments for kidney failure

A

renal dialysis and kidney transplant

41
Q

haemodialysis

A

blood from an artery or vein are passed into a machine that contains arteficil dialysis membrane shaped to form arteficial capillaries. dialysis fluid flows in the opposite direction to blood

42
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

dialysis membrane is the bodies own abdominal membrane. tube is implanted in abdomen dialysis solution is poured through the tube and fills space between abdominal wall and organs

Chemistry (25 decks)

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