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Microbiology & Immunology Unit II > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fungi are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

fungi cell wall is comprised of:

A

ergosterol

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3
Q

oxygen requirement of fungi

A

strict aerobe (one exception is facultative anaerobe)

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4
Q

fungi are free living in nature, what does this mean?

A 
grow at lower pH 
optimal temperatures (25-30*C)
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5
Q

what are the two forms of fungi that are capable of causing disease in humans?

A

unicellular

multicellular filamentous

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6
Q

unicellular fungi are responsible for causing

A

yeast

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7
Q

multicellular filamentous fungi are responsible for

A

mold

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8
Q

what are the 2 ways fungi are encountered

A

incidental environmental contact

normal human flora

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9
Q

primary mechanism for containing fungal infections

A

neutrophil phagocytosis

killing

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10
Q

what type of immunity is required to eliminate fungal infections?

A

t-cell mediated

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11
Q

innate methods of limiting fungi

A

dessication
epithelial cell turnover
fatty acids
low pH of skin

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12
Q

infections caused by fungi that are not true pathogens, cause systemic infections in immunocompromised patients

A

opportunistic

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13
Q

infections caused by fungal pathogens that are restricted geographically
typically result in systemic infections in healthy individuals

A

endemic

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14
Q

what are the endemic fungal pathogens

A

histoplasmosis
blastomycosis
coccidiomycosis

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15
Q

this endemic fungal pathogen is found mainly in soil in certain parts of the country

A

histoplasmosis

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16
Q

why does histoplasmosis grow well in soil?

A

growth enhanced by high nitrogen content of soil fertilized by bird or bat guano

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17
Q

describe histoplasmosis method of entry

A

conidia (spores and filaments) inhaled and evade mucosal barriers and transform to yeast phase

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18
Q

T/F? Histoplasmosis virulence directly related to tolerance of warmer temperatures

A

true

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19
Q

what are the two types of mycoses?

A

endemic

opportunistic

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20
Q

found primarily in Mississippi river valley, southeastern states, extends to Canada

A

Blastomycosis

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21
Q

found in mid-southeastern belt in US, particularly Indiana

A

Histoplasmosis

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22
Q

which type of disseminated histoplasmosis is more likely to affect an AIDS patient?

A

acute disseminated histoplasmosis

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23
Q

What typically causes death in untreated patients with Chronic disseminated histoplasmosis?

A

organ infection

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24
Q

what symptom is a hallmark of blastomycosis?

A

skin lesions as result of hematogenous dissemination

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25
Q

what type of immunity needed to eradicate blastomycosis?

A

cell mediated

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26
Q

blastomycosis multiplication

A

multiplies in lungs and causes pneumonia

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27
Q

causes “Valley Fever”

A

coccidiomycosis

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28
Q

extreme joint pain, difficulty breathing, possible migration of infection to brain
however, majority of healthy people are asymptomatic

A

coccidiomycosis

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29
Q

found only in lower Sonoran life zone - AZ, NM, SoCal, TX

A

coccidiomycosis

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30
Q

T/F? Dimorphism in cocciodiodes is temperature dependent

A

false

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31
Q

arthralgias and skin nodules (host neutrophil and T lymphocyte response) is characteristic of

A

Valley Fever

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32
Q

targets lungs and causes acute pulmonary infection but hematogenously spreads to other organs

A

Coccidiomycosis

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33
Q

chronic meningitis is a complication of

A

disseminated cocciodiomycosis

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34
Q

what populations are at risk for disseminated cocciodiomycosis?

A

dark skinned people
pregnant women
immunocompromised

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35
Q

coccidiomycosis treatment

A

polyenes

azoles

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36
Q

antifungal interferes with ergosterol synthesis ; fungistatic

A

azoles

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37
Q

antifungal is lipophilic and binds to cell wall ergosterol and forms channels

A

polyenes (amphotericin B)

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38
Q

amphotericin B is an example of a

A

polyene

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39
Q

T/F? Opportunistic mycoses usually cause systemic infections

A

false; only cause systemic infections in immunocompromised

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40
Q

why are opportunistic infections often seen in immunocompromised?

A 
hematological malignancies
organ or hematopoietic transplants
neutropenia
HIV
immunosuppressants
41
Q

most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogen

A

candida albicans

42
Q

list the opportunistic fungal pathogens

A 
candidiasis
cryptococcus
aspergillosis
mucomycosis
pneumocystosis
43
Q

candida albicans shape

A

round or oval

44
Q

how do candida reproduce?

A

forming buds or blastoconidia

45
Q

T/F? most candida albicans infections are endogenous (derived from host’s normal flora)

A

true

46
Q

list the variosu forms of candidiasis infections

A 
mucosal
cutaneous
systemic
thrush 
intertriginous 
disseminated
47
Q

candida infection that can follow superficial infections and central IV catheters

A

systemic candidiasis

48
Q

proliferation of candida in warm, moist areas of skin and in babies (diaper rash)

A

intertriginous candidiasis

49
Q

T/F? Cryptococcus produces large polysaccharide capsule in tissues and in environment

A

false; only in tissues

50
Q

yeast found in soil contaminated with bird poop (particularly pigeons) and rotten fruits/veggies

A

crytococcus

51
Q

T/F? Cryptococcus grows well in cool temperatures

A

false; 37 degrees

52
Q

how does polysaccharide capsule in cryptococcus add to its virulence?

A

capsule formation inhibits phagocytosis

stalls intracellular killing after phagocytosis by downregulating Th1 mediators

53
Q

what does cryptococcus neoformans produce that increases its virulence?

A

polysaccharide capsule

melanin

54
Q

what does melanin do for virulence?

A

increases strength of cell wall - resist enzyme degradation and resist free radicals

55
Q

fungal pathogen that is ubiquitous in air, soil, water, vegetation and is filamentous in environment

A

aspergilus

56
Q

major pathogenic aspergilus species

A

A.fumigatus

A.flavus

57
Q

how does aspergilus spread?

A

inhalation into URT and LRT

germination of conidia (spores and filaments) into hyphae

58
Q

aspergilus phagocytosis

A

pulmonary macrophages phagocytose conidia but not hyphae

neutrophils line up on hyphae to kill with O2 radicals

59
Q

how does host act against hyphae of aspergilus?

A

neutrophils line up on hyphae to kill with O2 radicals

60
Q

angioinvasive

A

hyphae invade thru blood vessel walls causing tissue infarction, hemorrhage, necrosis

61
Q

Which fungal pathogen is angioinvasive?

A

aspergilus and mucormycosis

62
Q

what is initial site of invasion for aspergillosis?

A

lung or paranasal sinuses

63
Q

invasive pulmonary aspergillosis may lead to:

A

intracerebral and other organ abscesses

necrotic skin lesions

64
Q

T/F? Pulmonary macrophages phagocytose conidia and hyphae

A

false; do not phagocytose hyphae

65
Q

nosocomial outbreaks in hospitals near construction sites

A

aspergillosis

66
Q

aspergilus is capable of producing

A

toxic metabolic products

67
Q

what toxic metabolic products can be made by aspergilus?

A

aflatoxins

phospholipase

68
Q

T/F? Aspergilus can cause noninfectious disease like allergy, asthma, pneumonia

A

true

69
Q

causes necrotizing fungal soft tissue wound infections

A

mucromycosis

70
Q

which has septated hyphae? mucormycosis or aspergilus?

A

aspergilus - septated

mucormycosis - nonseptated

71
Q

two clinical manifestations of mucormycosis

A

rhinocerebral form

disseminated mucormycosis

72
Q

which mucormycosis form is unique to diabetics?

A

rhinocerebral

73
Q

why is rhinocerebral mucormycosis unique to diabetics?

A

growth stimulated by acidotic state

74
Q

type of mucormycosis that forms pulmonary lesions

A

disseminated mucormycosis

75
Q

T/F? Pneumocystis has never been grown in vitro

A

true; not part of NSF

76
Q

T/F? Pneumocystis is an intracellular pathogen confined to pulmonary spaces

A

false; EXTRAcellular pathogen only confined to pulmonary spaces

77
Q

T/F? pneumocystis commonly causes disease

A

false; infection common but disease rare

78
Q

commonly causes sentinel infection in AIDS

A

pneumocystis

79
Q

pneumocystis only causes one disease which is:

A

pneumonia

80
Q

2 common superficial mycoses

A

seborrheic dermatitis

tinea versicolor

81
Q

hypo or hyperpigmented patches on chest or neck with scaling

A

tinea versicolor

82
Q

most common type of fungal infections in humans

A

dermatophyte skin infections

“tinea” - name of clinical disease

83
Q

three etiological genera of dermatophyte skin infections (tinea)

A

microsporum
trichophyton
epidermophyton

84
Q

T/F? Dermatophytes are part of normal skin flora

A

false

85
Q

dermatophyte infections are more common when:

A

skin occluded with nonporous materials which increases hydration and temperature of skin
interferes with str. corneum function

86
Q

T/F? Systemic dermatophyte infections are very rare

A

true

87
Q

direction of dermatophyte organism growth

A

outward in centrifugal pattern

88
Q

AKA mycoses of implantation

A

subQ mycoses

89
Q

mycoses of implantation

A

diseases caused only under conditions of trauma

via thorns or splinters

90
Q

rose grower’s disease

A

lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis - a subQ mycoses

91
Q

found in soil, moss, decaying wood, vegetation

A

subQ mycoses - sporothrix schenckii??

92
Q

how do subQ mycoses spread?

A

skin lesions form at point of entry and along lymph nodes and vessels

93
Q

T/F? In subQ mycoses, more lesions appear until a chronic ulcer develops

A

true

94
Q

associated with inhalation of spores, nodules / cavitations of lungs, fibrosis, swollen hilar lymph nodes

A

pulmonary sporotrichosis

95
Q

disseminated sporotrichosis is characterized spread of initial infection to

A

joints and CNS (meningitis)

96
Q

chronic subQ mycoses infection with sinus tract nodules

A

mycetoma

97
Q

where do most subQ mycoses occur?

A

tropical regions in soil fungi

98
Q

antigungal that inhibits squalene epoxidase activity and blocks ergosterol synthesis
works against dermatophytes & C. albicans

A

allyamines

99
Q

antifungal that is IV only; inhibits glucan synthesis in fungal cell wall
works against candida and aspergillus

A

echinocandins

Microbiology & Immunology Unit II (9 decks)

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