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Community Ecology > Fundamentals of PREDATOR-PREY Interactions > Flashcards

Fundamentals of PREDATOR-PREY Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental building block from which
increasingly complex food chains and food
webs may be constructed

A

Consumer-resource Link

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2
Q

the consumption of
one living organism by another

A

PREDATION

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3
Q

3 variety forms of Predation

A
  1. Herbivores
  2. Carnivores
  3. Omnivores
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4
Q

Consume plant or algal
tissue

A

Herbivores

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5
Q

Consume animal tissue

A

Carnivores

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6
Q

Consume plant or
animal tissue

A

Omnivores

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7
Q

Herbivores that are
exceptions because they kill
their “prey”, functioning as
true predators

A

Seed eaters (Granivores)

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8
Q

HERBIVORES which includes __________ and
___________ generally consume only a part of an
individual plant, which may harm the plant
but does not usually kill it.

A

✓Grazers
✓Browsers

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9
Q

It consumes nutrients from another organism, its
host, resulting in a decrease in fitness to the host.

A

Parasites

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10
Q

Several
species of wasp, is the best example of this which immobilize — but do
not kill — a host by stinging it. The female
then carries the host to a burrow, where
she lays eggs within the host’s body. After
the larvae hatch, they consume the living
tissues of the host, eventually killing it.

A

Parasitoids

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11
Q

It influences the fitness of both predators and prey.

A

Predation

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12
Q

Simplest mathematical model which describes the
interactions of predator and prey populations.

A

LOTKA-VOLTERRA MODEL

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13
Q

The following are assumptions of what?

  1. There is no food shortage for
    the prey population.
  2. The amount of food supplied
    to the prey is directly related
    to the size of the prey
    population.
  3. The rate of change of the
    population is directly
    proportional to its size.
  4. The environment is constant
    and genetic adaptation is not
    assumed to be negligible.
  5. Predators will never stop
    eating.
A

LOTKA-VOLTERRA MODEL

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14
Q

What LOTKA-VOLTERRA equation is this?

Sx
____ = ax - Bxy
St

A

Prey equation

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15
Q

What LOTKA-VOLTERRA equation is this?

Sy
____ = Sxy - ¥y
St

A

Predator equation

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16
Q

Is the number of prey consumed per predator per unit time.

A

Feeding Rate

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17
Q

He classified predator functional responses into three basic types.

A

Holling (1959)

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18
Q

It is the relationship between prey density and predator feeding rate.

A

Predator’s Functional Response

19
Q

A predator’s functional response assumes that:

• predator’s feeding rate increases linearly with prey density.

A

Type I functional response

20
Q

A predator’s functional response assumes that:

• predators are not limited by handling time

A

Type I functional response

21
Q

• Most common type of functional response

A

Type II functional response

22
Q

A predator’s functional response that:

• Includes the constraint of handling time

A

Type II functional response

23
Q

A predator’s functional response assumes that:

• Predator’s feeding rate accelerates over an initial increase in prey density but then
decelerates at higher prey densities.

A

Type III functional response

24
Q

Is the difference between the
proportion of that prey type in a
predator’s diet compared with the
proportion of that prey type present
in the environment.

A

PREDATOR PREFERENCE

25
Q

What are the 3 FACTORS AFFECTING PREDATOR PREFERENCE?

A
  1. The probability that a prey
    item will be encountered.
  2. The probability that an
    encountered prey item will
    be attacked.
  3. The probability that an
    attacked prey item will be
    successfully captured and
    eaten.
26
Q

A factor that affect predator preferences that has something to do with the following:

  1. Prey size and reactive
    distance
  2. Prey and predator activity
    patterns
  3. Prey crypsis
A

✓ The probability that a prey item will be encountered

27
Q

Why do predators choose to go after
some prey types and ignore others?

A

All else being equal, predators
should prefer to eat the most
profitable prey

28
Q

A factor that affect predator preferences that has something to do with the following:

  1. Prey size
  2. Prey mobility and escape
    behaviour
  3. Prey defense
A

Probability that an attacked prey will be consumed

29
Q

A predator defense where a prey organisms possess
colors and patterns that allow them to
blend into the background in their
environment.

A

Cryptic Coloring

30
Q

A theory where all else being equal, predators should perfect to eat the most profitable prey

A

Optimal Foraging Theory

31
Q

➢ Characteristics that evolved in prey
to avoid being detected, selected,
and captured by the predator

A

Predator Defense

32
Q

How do these defenses deter a
predator?

*4 possible answer

A

• Foul-smelling secretions repel
predators
• Arthropods sequester toxic
plant compounds
• Venomous animals produce
their own toxins
• Alarm pheromones signal
other individuals in the same
or related species to flee

33
Q

• An animal displays a visible
patch of color when disturbed that
vanishes when it is at rest.

•This
may distract and disorient the predator or
may be a signal to promote group cohesion
and raise alarm when a predator is present

A

Flashing Colors

34
Q

is used by animals that
are toxic or have chemical defenses. These
are bold colors with patterns warning
predators that the animal is unpalatable or
painful

A

Warning Coloration

35
Q

Is the imitation or resemblance of
one species by another species in order to
achieve a benefit.

A

Mimicry

36
Q

2 types of mimicry

A

✓ Batesian mimicry
✓ Mullerian mimicry

37
Q

is external or superficial
protection against attack by predators,
formed as part of the body (rather than the
behavioural use of protective external
objects), usually through the hardening of
body tissues, outgrowths or secretions.

A

Protective Armor

38
Q

Is an ecological theory used to predict animal distribution based on resource availability and
competition for those resources

A

IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION

39
Q

4 NON-CONSUMPTIVE EFFECTS OF PREDATORS

A
  1. Habitat use and habitat shifts
  2. Life history evolution
  3. Activity level
  4. Morphological changes
40
Q

NON-CONSUMPTIVE EFFECTS OF PREDATORS

Examples:
• mouse that hides in the grass as a hawk flies overhead
• vertical migration by some zooplankton. In the open water
of lakes and oceans, zooplankton that feed on algae show
a pronounced daily migration cycle, spending the daylight
hours in the dark, cold depths and migrating to warm
surface waters at dusk, then returning to the depths at
dawn.

A
  1. Habitat use and habitat shifts
41
Q

NON-CONSUMPTIVE EFFECTS OF PREDATORS

• earlier maturity/metamorphosis
Example: Trout (predator) on Mayfly, Baetis
• Bobbi Peckarsky and colleagues noted that mayflies from
streams containing trout emerged earlier and at much
smaller adult sizes than conspecifics found in streams
without trout.

A
  1. Life history evolution
42
Q

NON-CONSUMPTIVE EFFECTS OF PREDATORS

Examples:
• Individuals often feed or travel in groups as a
means of reducing predation risks
• Alarm-calling species of sentinels; bluish-slate
antshrikes (Thamnomanes schistogynus) and
dusky-throated antshrikes (Thamnomanes
ardesiacus)

A
  1. Activity levels and vigilance
43
Q

NON-CONSUMPTIVE EFFECTS OF
PREDATORS

• include changes in toxicity, color, body
shape, shell hardness, and the presence
of spines
Example: Divergence in body shape of
crucian carp
• The shift in body form allowed most of the carp to
escape being eaten by their pike predators
• However, expression of the deep- bodied form
resulted in about a 30% increase in energy expended
when swimming compared with the shallow-bodied,
more fusiform shape

A
  1. Morphology

Community Ecology (10 decks)

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