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Fundamentals of endocrine physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe synaptic extracellular signaling (message transmission, local or general, and specificity depends on ____)

A

Across synaptic cleft, local, anatomic location and receptor

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2
Q

Describe paracrine and autocrine extracellular signaling. (message transmission, local or general, and specificity depends on ____)

A

by diffusion in interstitial fluid, locally diffuse, receptors

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3
Q

Describe endocrine extracellular signaling (message transmission, local or general, and specificity depends on ____)

A

by circulation body fluids, general, receptors

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4
Q

Describe neuro-endocrine extracellular signaling (message transmission, local or general, and specificity depends on ____)

A

by circulating body fluids, general, receptors

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5
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus

A

Releasing hormones: TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH, DA (PIH), somatostatin (SS;SRIF),
Oxytocin +vasopressin

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6
Q

Define hormone. What is included and what is not included?

A

a chemical substance released in small quantities from certain glands (the endocrine glands) that travels through the circulatory system to elicit a typical physiological response in other cells and tissues, called target cells and target tissues. Including neurohormones. Not including CO2 or intracellular messengers like cyclic AMP.

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7
Q

Hormones released by anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormones (somatotropin, GH, STH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
Prolactin (PRL)
Gonadotropic hormones: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

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8
Q

Major function of hypothalamus is control of:

A

secretion by the anterior pituitary (up or down)

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9
Q

Major function of anterior pituitary is control of:

A

Growth; organic metabolism; secretion of somatomedin by liver + cartilage
Thyroid gland (increase size, activity, secretion)
Adrenal cortex (mainly increase of cortisol)
Breasts (increase milk secretion)
Gonads (gamete production + sex hormone secretion)
Increase adrenal androgen secretion

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10
Q

Hormones released by posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin, vasopressin (ADH)

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11
Q

Major function of posterior pituitary is control of:

A

Milk “let-down”; uterine motility

Water excretion by kidneys, body water

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12
Q

Major function of adrenal cortex is control of

A

organic metabolism; responsive to stress; permissive
Growth: men and women; sex drive
increase sodium and decrease potassium excretionby kidneys; thus body Na + K +fluid volume

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13
Q

Hormones released by adrenal cortex

A

cortisol, adrenal androgens (androstenedione + DHEA)

Aldosterone

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14
Q

Hormones released by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine, NE

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15
Q

major function of adrenal medulla is control of

A

organic metabolism; CV function; response to stress

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16
Q

Hormones released by thyroid

A

Thyroid hormone: mainly thyroxine T4, triiodothyronine T3, calcitonin CT

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17
Q

Major function of thyroid is control of

A 
energy metabolism; growth
Plasma calcium (lower Pca); weak in adults
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18
Q

Hormones released by parathyroids

A

PTH

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19
Q

Major function of parathyroids is control of

A

Plasma Ca and Phosphate (increase Ca and decrease po4)

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20
Q

3 general categories of hormones

A

steroids and steroid-like hormones, amino acid derivatives (catecholamines and thyroid hormones), peptides and proteins

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21
Q

Major stimuli that cause increase/decrease secretion of aldosterone

A

BP, plasma vol, renin, A-2

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22
Q

Steroids that are androgens

A

Testosterone, dihyrotestosterone (DHT), and weaker androgens from adrenal like andosternedione, DHEA; DHEA-S

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23
Q

Steroids that are progestagens

A

progesterone

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24
Q

Steroids that are estrogens

A

estradiol-17b, weaker estrogens (estrone, estriol)

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25
Steroids that are mineralcorticoids
aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC)
26
What vitamin is steroid-like?
Vitamin D- cholecalciferol
27
Steroids that are GCs
cortisol, corticosterone
28
Steroid hormones are derived from _____
Cholesterol
29
What are the amino acid derivatives
catecholamines, thyroid hormones, melatonin
30
What hormones are peptides?
insulin. PTH, OT, ACTH, relaxin, A-II, thymosins, glucagon, CT, VP, MSH, inhibin, ANPs, GI tract hormones, releasing hormones except dopamin (CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, SS)
31
What hormones are proteins?
GH, PRL, FSH, LH, FSH, LH, TSH, hCG, hPL, EPO, renin, leptin, resistin, FGF23
32
Effects of direct hormone action
fast or slow in onset, end quick or linger
33
Effects of indirect hormone action
Not readily observed
34
T or F whether it is going to be acting directly/indirectly, the hormone must have receptors.
T
35
Describe how permissiveness affects fatty acid release from adipose tissue.
TH alone--> no fatty acids released Epi alone--> small amount of FA released Epi+TH--> large amount of FA released
36
What is the effect of increasin the number of receptors on response to a hormone?
Decreased the percent change in hormone concentration required for 50% max response
37
Second messengers ____ the signal from hormone.
Amplify and disperse to many places in the cell
38
Describe the significance of free and bound Thyroxine
99.6% is bound. Free T4 can play a role in negative feedback, tissue action, hormone metabolism, and fecal excretion
39
What acute and compensatory effects occur after increasing the amount of binding protein in plasma?
Acute: decrease amount of free hormone | New steady state: amount of free hormone back to normal
40
Describe the distribution of steroids in the blood.
Can be free or bound to SHGB,CBG, albumin
41
How are hormones measured?
competitive binding assay
42
What are the different types of episodic secretion of hormones?
Circadian: cortisol Ultradian (multiple times a day), pulsatile Stimulus-induced Rhythms with longer time intervals
43
What are the three ways that blood levels of a hormone can be altered?
change in secretion rate, change in binding protein, change in clearance
44
What are some general causes of endocrine diseases?
over/under production, alterations in receptors, post-receptor events in target cells, altered metabolism
45
____ is the endocrine system's response to stimulus reinforces that stimulus, such as labor.
Positive feedback
46
_____ is the endocrine system's response to a stimulus is to reduce that stimulus.
negative feedback
47
What is the major difference between the endocrine and nervous system?
The endocrine system has an intervening blood vessel
48
What are 3 examples of glands that are controlled directly by the nervous system?
posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla, hypothalamic RH
49
What are 2 examples of nervous system activity that are affected by hormones?
mating behavior, epi--> anxiety, fear
50
Amino acid derivatives are derived from ____.
tyrosine
51
How must peptide hormones be admitted?
Not orally!!
52
Chemical nature of posterior pituitary hormones
peptide
53
Major stimuli that increases secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary
increase osmolarity, decrease plasma volume
54
Chemical nature of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
steroid
55
Major stimuli that increase secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
decrease BP, decrease volume, increase renin, increase AII
56
Major stimuli that decrease secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
increase BP, increase volume, decrease renin, decrease AII
57
Describe the chemical nature of RH secreted by hypothalamus.
All are peptides except dopamine--> amino acid derivative
58
6 classes of steroid hormones
androgens, estrogens, progestagens, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, steroid-like
59
3 classes of amino acid derivatives
catecholamines, thyroid hormones, melatonin
60
What PROTEIN hormones are secreted by the Ant. Pit.
GH, PRL, FSH, LH, TSH
61
What protein hormones are secreted by the placenta?
hCG, hPL
62
What protein hormones are secreted by the kidney?
EPO, renin
63
What protein hormones are secreted by the fat?
leptin
64
What protein hormones are secreted by the bone?
FGF23
65
What does 5a reductase do?
Testosterone--> dihydrotestosterone
66
What does aromatase do?
testosterone--> estradiol; androstenedione-->estrogen
67
What does 11-B hydroxylase do?
deoxycorticosterone--> corticosterone; 11-deoxycorisol--> cortisol
68
The major circulating form of thyroid hormone is _____.
T4
69
The major active form of thyroid hormone is _____.
T3
70
Is there a greater percent change in hormone concentration needed for 50% max action when the number of receptors is increased or decreased and why?
Decreased. There are spare receptors
71
What hormones use intracellular receptors?
steroid and TH
72
Cortisol usually begins an hour before waking up. What are 2 exceptions?
jet lag and shift workers
73
Synthesis of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
nearly continuous; mild regulation
74
Storage of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
granules
75
Secretion of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
regulated and taken from stores
76
Transport of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
mostly free
77
Half life of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
pep: few min; proteins: minutes; catecholamine-few minutes
78
are peptides, proteins, catecholamines activated?
no (except renin--> peptide)
79
receptor binding of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
P/P: surface on plasma membrane | C: surface a/b
80
Mechanism of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
second messengers
81
Rapidity of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
Fast
82
Duration of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
Brief
83
Degradation of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
much
84
Excretion of peptides, proteins, catecholamines
p/p: little | c: VMA, metanephrine, nor-metanephrine
85
Synthesis of steroids and thyroid hormones
S: little until stimulated--> regulated! T: partially--> precursors
86
Storage of steroids and thyroid hormones
S: little T: in precursor from (thyroglobulin)
87
Secretion of steroids and thyroid hormones
S: as synthesized T: slow, continuous
88
Transport of steroids and thyroid hormones
mostly bound
89
Half lives of steroids and thyroid hormones
S: hours-days T: 3: 1 day/ 4: 6 days
90
are steroids and thyroid hormones activated?
S: Yes- Testosterone--> DHT; Vitamin D--> 1,25 (OH)2-vit D T: Yes- (T4)-->(T3)
91
Binding to receptors for steroids and thyroid hormones
nuclear
92
Mechanism of steroids and thyroid hormones
gene activation
93
Rapidity of steroids and thyroid hormones
slow
94
Duration of steroids and thyroid hormones
long
95
degradation of steroids and thyroid hormones
liver
96
excretion of steroids and thyroid hormones
S: urine T: very little

Endocrinology (31 decks)

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