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Endocrinology > Fundamentals of endocrine physiology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of endocrine physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe synaptic extracellular signaling (message transmission, local or general, and specificity depends on ____)

A

Across synaptic cleft, local, anatomic location and receptor

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2
Q

Describe paracrine and autocrine extracellular signaling. (message transmission, local or general, and specificity depends on ____)

A

by diffusion in interstitial fluid, locally diffuse, receptors

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3
Q

Describe endocrine extracellular signaling (message transmission, local or general, and specificity depends on ____)

A

by circulation body fluids, general, receptors

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4
Q

Describe neuro-endocrine extracellular signaling (message transmission, local or general, and specificity depends on ____)

A

by circulating body fluids, general, receptors

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5
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus

A

Releasing hormones: TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH, DA (PIH), somatostatin (SS;SRIF),
Oxytocin +vasopressin

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6
Q

Define hormone. What is included and what is not included?

A

a chemical substance released in small quantities from certain glands (the endocrine glands) that travels through the circulatory system to elicit a typical physiological response in other cells and tissues, called target cells and target tissues. Including neurohormones. Not including CO2 or intracellular messengers like cyclic AMP.

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7
Q

Hormones released by anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormones (somatotropin, GH, STH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
Prolactin (PRL)
Gonadotropic hormones: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

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8
Q

Major function of hypothalamus is control of:

A

secretion by the anterior pituitary (up or down)

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9
Q

Major function of anterior pituitary is control of:

A

Growth; organic metabolism; secretion of somatomedin by liver + cartilage
Thyroid gland (increase size, activity, secretion)
Adrenal cortex (mainly increase of cortisol)
Breasts (increase milk secretion)
Gonads (gamete production + sex hormone secretion)
Increase adrenal androgen secretion

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10
Q

Hormones released by posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin, vasopressin (ADH)

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11
Q

Major function of posterior pituitary is control of:

A

Milk “let-down”; uterine motility

Water excretion by kidneys, body water

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12
Q

Major function of adrenal cortex is control of

A

organic metabolism; responsive to stress; permissive
Growth: men and women; sex drive
increase sodium and decrease potassium excretionby kidneys; thus body Na + K +fluid volume

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13
Q

Hormones released by adrenal cortex

A

cortisol, adrenal androgens (androstenedione + DHEA)

Aldosterone

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14
Q

Hormones released by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine, NE

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15
Q

major function of adrenal medulla is control of

A

organic metabolism; CV function; response to stress

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16
Q

Hormones released by thyroid

A

Thyroid hormone: mainly thyroxine T4, triiodothyronine T3, calcitonin CT

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17
Q

Major function of thyroid is control of

A 
energy metabolism; growth
Plasma calcium (lower Pca); weak in adults
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18
Q

Hormones released by parathyroids

A

PTH

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19
Q

Major function of parathyroids is control of

A

Plasma Ca and Phosphate (increase Ca and decrease po4)

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20
Q

3 general categories of hormones

A

steroids and steroid-like hormones, amino acid derivatives (catecholamines and thyroid hormones), peptides and proteins

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21
Q

Major stimuli that cause increase/decrease secretion of aldosterone

A

BP, plasma vol, renin, A-2

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22
Q

Steroids that are androgens

A

Testosterone, dihyrotestosterone (DHT), and weaker androgens from adrenal like andosternedione, DHEA; DHEA-S

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23
Q

Steroids that are progestagens

A

progesterone

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24
Q

Steroids that are estrogens

A

estradiol-17b, weaker estrogens (estrone, estriol)

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25
Q

Steroids that are mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC)

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26
Q

What vitamin is steroid-like?

A

Vitamin D- cholecalciferol

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27
Q

Steroids that are GCs

A

cortisol, corticosterone

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28
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from _____

A

Cholesterol

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29
Q

What are the amino acid derivatives

A

catecholamines, thyroid hormones, melatonin

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30
Q

What hormones are peptides?

A

insulin. PTH, OT, ACTH, relaxin, A-II, thymosins, glucagon, CT, VP, MSH, inhibin, ANPs, GI tract hormones, releasing hormones except dopamin (CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, SS)

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31
Q

What hormones are proteins?

A

GH, PRL, FSH, LH, FSH, LH, TSH, hCG, hPL, EPO, renin, leptin, resistin, FGF23

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32
Q

Effects of direct hormone action

A

fast or slow in onset, end quick or linger

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33
Q

Effects of indirect hormone action

A

Not readily observed

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34
Q

T or F whether it is going to be acting directly/indirectly, the hormone must have receptors.

A

T

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35
Q

Describe how permissiveness affects fatty acid release from adipose tissue.

A

TH alone–> no fatty acids released
Epi alone–> small amount of FA released
Epi+TH–> large amount of FA released

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36
Q

What is the effect of increasin the number of receptors on response to a hormone?

A

Decreased the percent change in hormone concentration required for 50% max response

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37
Q

Second messengers ____ the signal from hormone.

A

Amplify and disperse to many places in the cell

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38
Q

Describe the significance of free and bound Thyroxine

A

99.6% is bound. Free T4 can play a role in negative feedback, tissue action, hormone metabolism, and fecal excretion

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39
Q

What acute and compensatory effects occur after increasing the amount of binding protein in plasma?

A

Acute: decrease amount of free hormone

New steady state: amount of free hormone back to normal

40
Q

Describe the distribution of steroids in the blood.

A

Can be free or bound to SHGB,CBG, albumin

41
Q

How are hormones measured?

A

competitive binding assay

42
Q

What are the different types of episodic secretion of hormones?

A

Circadian: cortisol
Ultradian (multiple times a day), pulsatile
Stimulus-induced
Rhythms with longer time intervals

43
Q

What are the three ways that blood levels of a hormone can be altered?

A

change in secretion rate, change in binding protein, change in clearance

44
Q

What are some general causes of endocrine diseases?

A

over/under production, alterations in receptors, post-receptor events in target cells, altered metabolism

45
Q

____ is the endocrine system’s response to stimulus reinforces that stimulus, such as labor.

A

Positive feedback

46
Q

_____ is the endocrine system’s response to a stimulus is to reduce that stimulus.

A

negative feedback

47
Q

What is the major difference between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

The endocrine system has an intervening blood vessel

48
Q

What are 3 examples of glands that are controlled directly by the nervous system?

A

posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla, hypothalamic RH

49
Q

What are 2 examples of nervous system activity that are affected by hormones?

A

mating behavior, epi–> anxiety, fear

50
Q

Amino acid derivatives are derived from ____.

A

tyrosine

51
Q

How must peptide hormones be admitted?

A

Not orally!!

52
Q

Chemical nature of posterior pituitary hormones

A

peptide

53
Q

Major stimuli that increases secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary

A

increase osmolarity, decrease plasma volume

54
Q

Chemical nature of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

A

steroid

55
Q

Major stimuli that increase secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

A

decrease BP, decrease volume, increase renin, increase AII

56
Q

Major stimuli that decrease secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

A

increase BP, increase volume, decrease renin, decrease AII

57
Q

Describe the chemical nature of RH secreted by hypothalamus.

A

All are peptides except dopamine–> amino acid derivative

58
Q

6 classes of steroid hormones

A

androgens, estrogens, progestagens, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, steroid-like

59
Q

3 classes of amino acid derivatives

A

catecholamines, thyroid hormones, melatonin

60
Q

What PROTEIN hormones are secreted by the Ant. Pit.

A

GH, PRL, FSH, LH, TSH

61
Q

What protein hormones are secreted by the placenta?

A

hCG, hPL

62
Q

What protein hormones are secreted by the kidney?

A

EPO, renin

63
Q

What protein hormones are secreted by the fat?

A

leptin

64
Q

What protein hormones are secreted by the bone?

A

FGF23

65
Q

What does 5a reductase do?

A

Testosterone–> dihydrotestosterone

66
Q

What does aromatase do?

A

testosterone–> estradiol; androstenedione–>estrogen

67
Q

What does 11-B hydroxylase do?

A

deoxycorticosterone–> corticosterone; 11-deoxycorisol–> cortisol

68
Q

The major circulating form of thyroid hormone is _____.

A

T4

69
Q

The major active form of thyroid hormone is _____.

A

T3

70
Q

Is there a greater percent change in hormone concentration needed for 50% max action when the number of receptors is increased or decreased and why?

A

Decreased. There are spare receptors

71
Q

What hormones use intracellular receptors?

A

steroid and TH

72
Q

Cortisol usually begins an hour before waking up. What are 2 exceptions?

A

jet lag and shift workers

73
Q

Synthesis of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

nearly continuous; mild regulation

74
Q

Storage of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

granules

75
Q

Secretion of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

regulated and taken from stores

76
Q

Transport of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

mostly free

77
Q

Half life of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

pep: few min; proteins: minutes; catecholamine-few minutes

78
Q

are peptides, proteins, catecholamines activated?

A

no (except renin–> peptide)

79
Q

receptor binding of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

P/P: surface on plasma membrane

C: surface a/b

80
Q

Mechanism of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

second messengers

81
Q

Rapidity of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

Fast

82
Q

Duration of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

Brief

83
Q

Degradation of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

much

84
Q

Excretion of peptides, proteins, catecholamines

A

p/p: little

c: VMA, metanephrine, nor-metanephrine

85
Q

Synthesis of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

S: little until stimulated–> regulated!
T: partially–> precursors

86
Q

Storage of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

S: little
T: in precursor from (thyroglobulin)

87
Q

Secretion of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

S: as synthesized
T: slow, continuous

88
Q

Transport of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

mostly bound

89
Q

Half lives of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

S: hours-days
T: 3: 1 day/ 4: 6 days

90
Q

are steroids and thyroid hormones activated?

A

S: Yes- Testosterone–> DHT; Vitamin D–> 1,25 (OH)2-vit D
T: Yes- (T4)–>(T3)

91
Q

Binding to receptors for steroids and thyroid hormones

A

nuclear

92
Q

Mechanism of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

gene activation

93
Q

Rapidity of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

slow

94
Q

Duration of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

long

95
Q

degradation of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

liver

96
Q

excretion of steroids and thyroid hormones

A

S: urine
T: very little

Endocrinology (31 decks)

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