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Endocrinology > Endocrine pancreas- histo and phys > Flashcards

Endocrine pancreas- histo and phys Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 cells are found in the islets of langerhans? and what does each secrete?

A

Alpha: glucagon
Beta: insulin
delta: somatostatin
F: pancreatic polypeptide

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2
Q

Proinsulin is cleaved to:

A

insulin and C-peptide

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3
Q

What cells are located centrally in the islets?

A

B

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4
Q

What cells are located around the outer periphery of islet?

A

A

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5
Q

What cells are located around the periphery (inner layer) of islet?

A

D

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6
Q

What are the 2 kinds of islets that can be distinguished?

A

B-rich: sharply delineated, oval, found throughout the pancreas
PP cell-rich: trabecular, irregular and restricted to posterior part of pancreatic head

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7
Q

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

self regulate the pancreas secretory activities, affects hepatic glycogen levels and GI secretions.

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8
Q

When is pancreatic polypeptide secretion increased?

A

after a protein meal, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia

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9
Q

When is pancreatic polypeptide secretion decreased?

A

somatostatin and IV glucose

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10
Q

Pro insulin is converted into the mature hormone by the combined action of ____ and ___.

A

2 endoproteases and a carboxypeptidase

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11
Q

T or F During and after a normal meal, you will see a change in glucagon in peripheral blood.

A

F- you will seldom see a change in peripheral blood

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12
Q

What do GH and cortisol do to insulin secretion?

A

increase

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13
Q

What does somatostatin, NE, and epi do to insulin secretion?

A

decrease

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14
Q

Half life of insulin in the blood? Glucagon?

A

5 min; 5-10 minutes

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15
Q

Where is insulin degraded?

A

80% liver and kidney
The rest in other target and non-target tissues.
Insulinase?

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16
Q

Glucagon degradation?

A

most occurs in liver, peripheral concentration gg are low

17
Q

Both insulin and glucagon first go to the _____ where they exert their actions

A

Liver

18
Q

Glucagon only acts on the ____.

A

liver

19
Q

What 3 tissues are most affected by insulin?

A

Muscle, liver, adipose tissue

20
Q

What 4 tissues does insulin NOT stimulate glucose uptake?

A

brain, intestinal mucosa, RBC, kidney tubules

21
Q

What does glucagon do to cAMP and PKA activtiy?

A

Increase

22
Q

What does glucagon do to phosphorylase activity?

A

increase

23
Q

What does glucagon do to formation of F-2,6-BP?

A

decrease

24
Q

What are the major stimuli for insulin secretion?

A

increase plasma glucose concentration, increased amino acid concentration, increase GI horomes, increased parasympathetic activity, decreased sympathetic activity

25
Q

What inhibits insulin secretion#

A

EPI NE, somatostatin

26
Q

What are major stimuli increasing glucagon secretion?

A 
increased plasma amino acids (to prevent sudden hypoglycemia  if you eat a high protein meal)
#hypoglycemia, NE, EPI, glucocorticoids, CCK, gastrin
27
Q

What are stimuli that decrease glucagon secretion?#

A

hyperglycemia, fatty acids, SS, insulin

ketone bodies

28
Q

What does GH do to insulin secretion?

A

Increase

29
Q

Pattern of insulin release

A

rapid oscillations

30
Q

Do you see glucagon changes in peripheral blood?

A

Not really. stays constant

31
Q

Speed and duration of glucagon actions

A

Fast

32
Q

Hepatic actions of glucagon

A

Inrease glycogenolysis, amino acid uptake, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis

33
Q

Glucagon and catecholamines need prior action of _____ to function optimally in the liver.

A

Cortisol- stimulate synthesis of rate limiting enzyme

34
Q

T or F. Glucagon increases activity of PEPCK and pyruvate carboxylase.

A

T (these are the first 2 regulated enzymes of gluconeogenesis)

35
Q

Speed and duration of insulin activity

A

Some fast, like glucose uptake

Some slow like synthesis of some enzymes

36
Q

T or F Insulin is the most potent hormone.

A

T

37
Q

major actions of insulin on muscles

A

Increase glucose and aa uptake, increase ribosomal protein synthesis, increase synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, decrease protein breakdown, decrease release of aa

38
Q

Major actions of insulin on adipsoe tissue

A

glucose uptake, FA synthesis, glycerol phosphate synthesis, synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, TG synthesis, decrease lipolysis

39
Q

Major actions of insulin on liver

A

decrease release of glucose, increase lipid synthesis, increase protein syn., decrease ktogenesis

Endocrinology (31 decks)

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