Endocrine hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 endocrine conditions are really associated with HTN? What are some others?

A

Pheochromocytoma, mineralcorticoid excess, glucocorticoid excess

Acromegaly, DM, obesity, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, estrogen-induced HTN, pregnancy induced HTN, renin secreting tumors, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, liddle syndome

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2
Q

____ is a catecholamine producing tumor of chromaffin cells that typically produced HTN.

A

pheochromocytoma

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3
Q

What percent of pheochromocytomas are malignant? extra-adrenal?

A

10;10

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4
Q

Describe familial syndrome assosiated with pheochromocytoma?

A

usually AD, MEN 2A (hyperparathyroidism and medullary thyroid carcinoma), multiple endocrine neoplasia (type 2B; multiple mucosal neuromas and medullary thyroid carcinoma), familial pheochromocytoma without associated disorder

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5
Q

How is pheochromocytoma treated pre-op, intra-op, and post-op?

A

pre: alpha, beta blockade; fluids
Intraop: IV, fluids
Postop: fluids pressors

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6
Q

What are 3 general conventional risk factors for hypoglycemia?

A

inadequate caloric consumption, increased insulin sensitivity, impaired glucose production

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7
Q

Neurogenic symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

sweating, palpitation, tremulousness, hunger, nervousness

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8
Q

Neuroglycopenic symptoms?

A

impaired concentration, tiredness, dizziness, tingling, blurred vision

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9
Q

Severe neuroglycopenia

A

seizure coma

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10
Q

4 major components of syndrome of hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure

A
  1. recent antecedent hypoglycemia
  2. hypoglycemia unawareness (impaired symptomatic responses)
  3. Defective glucose counter-regulation (impaired hormonal responses)
  4. Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia
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11
Q

How common is secondary HTN?

A

less than 5% of all HTN

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12
Q

Describe degradation of catecholamines

A

By MOA and COMT–> VMA, normetanephrine, metanephrine (can be measured in urine and serum)

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13
Q

What is the difference in hemodynamic response to E and to NE?

A

E: increased systolic, but not anything else
NE: increased systolic, diasoltic, and reflex restraint of increase of HR

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14
Q

Epineprhine is synthesized where? Ne?

A

E: adrenal medulla
Ne: nerves

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15
Q

4 reasons why pheochromocytoma is important to diagnosis

A
  1. curable
  2. risk for lethal HTN paroxysm
  3. Some are malignant (10%)
  4. Clue to presence of familial syndrome
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16
Q

Clinical presentation of pheochromocytoma

A

Episodic sweating, palpitation, headache, tachycardia, anxiety

17
Q

Metabolic features of pheochromocytoma

A

signs of hypercatabolism and hyperglycemia

18
Q

Hematologic features of pheochromocytoma

A

Orthostatic hypotension, elevated hct, erythrocytosis,

19
Q

How is the presence of pheochromocytoma diagnosed?

A

24 hr urine: E, NE or metanephrines
Plasma NE and E
Drug free state (give clonidine if you have to) and basal state

20
Q

Location of pheochromocytome tumor

A

90% are adrenal, 99% in abdomen, rest are in mediastinum

Multiple in 10% of sporadic pheos, but bilateral adrenomedullary disease is the rule in familial pheo

21
Q

Imaging of pheochromocytoma tumor

A

MRI, CT, scintigraphy

22
Q

Tx of pheochromocytoma

A

Resection, pre-op control with alpha blockers is a must.

23
Q

Actions of mineralcorticoids

A

stimulate distal renal tubules to reabsorb sodium, excrete K and H
Expand ECF, increase BP, lower plasma K, increase pH

24
Q

The mineralcorticoid receptor is activated by ____.

A

Aldosterone and cortisol

25
Q

What does 11B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase do? What happens if this enzyme is inactivated or overcome?

A

Inactivates cortisol to keep it from activating the MR.

MC effects including hypertension and hypokalemia.

26
Q

Why don’t you get hypernatremia and edema with mineralcorticoid excess?

A

regulation by ADH and ANP

27
Q

Regulators of aldosterone

A

ECF volume, angII (renin can be stimulated by sympathetics), hyperkalemia, NOT ACTH

28
Q

When is the ratio of plasma aldosterone to renin useful?

A

Diagnose primary hyperaldosteronism. Aldosterone will be high renin will be low.

29
Q

Etiology of primary hyperaldosteronism

A

2/3 of cases are due to aldosterone secreting adenoma, <2 cm, others are bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

30
Q

Clinical findings in primary hyperaldosteronism

A

hypertension, hypokalemia (muscle weakness, cramps, polyuria) total body Na increased, but NOT hypernatremia

31
Q

DDx for primary hyperaldosteronism

A

incidental adrenal nodules are common, thiazide use

32
Q

Tx for primary hyperaldosteronism

A

resection, spironolactone

33
Q

Is there edema with hyper-aldosteronism?

A

Nope.Compensatory mechanisms

34
Q

Primary aldosteronism is most commonly due to a benign adenoma in the ______.#

A

zone glomerulosa

35
Q

An aldosterone-to-renin ratio of ______ is diagnostic of hyperaldosteronism. #

A

> 20-30

36
Q

How can a Na suppression test diagnose hyperaldosteronism?#

A

Na-load pt and measure aldosterone. Should go down.

37
Q

Clinical presentation of Cushing

A

central obesity, moon facies, buffalo hump, HTN, glucose intolerance, purple striae,

38
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate hepatic synthesis of ____

A

angiotensinogen