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Biology - Biochemistry > Fundamentals of Biochem III > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Biochem III Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an acid?

A
  • Acids are compounds that ionize in water to form H+ ions
  • They have a pH of less than 7
  • They are proton (H+) donors
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2
Q

What is a base?

A
  • Compounds that ionize in water to form OH- ions
  • They have a pH of more than 7
  • They are proton (H+) acceptors
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3
Q

What is a neutralization reaction?

A
  • Reactions where acids and bases react to form water and salt molecules
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4
Q

How can the pH of solutions be found?

A
  • Experimentally
  • Can be calculated
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5
Q

Experimentally

A

Using:
- pH paper
- litmus paper
- liquid indicators (phenolphthalein or bromothymol blue)

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6
Q

What are buffers?

A
  • Chemical substances that are able to equalize the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions
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7
Q

Why are buffers important in living organisms?

A

Because they tend to maintain steady pH’s in blood and tissues

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8
Q

What is the autoionization of water?

A
  • H2O molecules react with each other since water is technically both hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions mixed together
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9
Q

What is the chemical equation of the autoionization of water?

A

H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH-

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10
Q

What are strong acids and bases?

A
  • When acids or bases ionize completely/dissociate in water
  • They are rare in biological systems
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11
Q

Example of a strong acid?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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12
Q

Example of a strong base?

A

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

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13
Q

What are weak acids and bases?

A
  • They are only able to ionize partially in water
  • Since ionization is partial, the reaction is reversible
  • Weak acids and bases are in a state of equilibrium
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14
Q

Example of a weak acid?

A

Acetic acid (vinegar) CH3COOH

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15
Q

Example of a weak base?

A

Ammonia NH3

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16
Q

What are conjugate acids?

A
  • The acid formed by adding a proton to a base
17
Q

What are conjugate bases?

A
  • The base formed by removing a proton from an acid
18
Q

What are conjugate acid/base pairs?

A
  • Same overall chemical structure, but different ionic charges
19
Q

How do living cells and tissues keep the body’s pH neutral?

A
  • They use buffers to resist severe changes in the pH of blood, body fluids or tissues
20
Q

What is the best example of an acid-base buffer system in living organisms?

A

The Carbonic acid/bicarbonate Buffer System
- It is a blood buffer system,

21
Q

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate Buffer system chemical equation

A

H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+

22
Q

Blood buffer system equation in words

A

Water + Carbon Dioxide ↔ Carbonic Acid ↔ Bicarbonate ion + Hydrogen ion

23
Q

Blood buffer system - H2O

A
  • Ingested, or a by product of cell respiration
  • Excess amounts are urinated out
24
Q

Blood buffer system - CO2

A
  • Created as a byproduct of cell respiration
  • Excess amounts are exhaled to counteract an acidic environment
25
Q

Blood buffer system - H2CO3

A
  • Intermediate point
  • Found in low levels in all tissues
26
Q

Blood buffer system - HCO3-

A
  • When this accmulates in high amounts, the kidneys relase more into the urine
27
Q

Blood buffer system - H+

A
  • Accumulation of this makes the system acidic
  • Acidity is counteracted by urinating H+ ions
28
Q

If body tissues become acidic…

A
  • equation moves towards the left to make more water and CO2 to increase basicity
  • These are removed through breath and urine
29
Q

If body tissues become basic…

A
  • equation moves towards the right to make more free H+ ions to increase acidity
  • These can be removed through urine if too high
30
Q

Body’s blood pH range

A

7.35-7.45

31
Q

Acidosis

A
  • pH drops below 7.35
  • Occurs when system is too acidic
  • is an extreme condition
32
Q

Alkalosis

A
  • pH rises above 7.45
  • Occurs when system is too basic
  • is an extreme condition
33
Q

Acedimia

A
  • pH drops below 7.35
  • Occurs when system is too acidic
  • Minor condition
34
Q

Alkalemia

A
  • pH rises above 7.45
  • Occurs when system is too basic
  • Minor condition

Biology - Biochemistry (18 decks)

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