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Biology - Biochemistry > Cell Parts - BIO 102 CONTENT > Flashcards

Cell Parts - BIO 102 CONTENT Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of cells

A
  • All organisms are made of cells
  • The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
  • Cell structure is correlated to cellular function
  • All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
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2
Q

Light Microscope (LM)

A
  • Limited in what you can see
  • Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
  • Can visualize living organisms
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3
Q

What are Electron Microscopes (Ems)?

A
  • Microscopes used to study subcellular structures
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4
Q

What are the two basic types of electron microscopes?

A
  • Scanning electron microscopes
  • Transmission electron microscopes
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5
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

A
  • Focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen
  • Outer view
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6
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

A
  • Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
  • Used to study the internal structure of cells
  • Do this by slicing what you are looking at
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7
Q

Basic features of ALL cells

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Contains the semifluid substance cytosol
  • Chromosomes (carry genes)
  • Ribosomes (make proteins)
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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • All fluid in all compartments of a cell
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9
Q

Cytosol

A
  • The fluid bathing the organelles
  • NOT found inside organelles
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10
Q

What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by…

A
  • No nucleus
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid
  • Cytoplasm bound by the cell membrane
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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by…

A
  • DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a nuclear envelope
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Cytoplasm in the region between the cell membrane and nucleus
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13
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
  • General structure: phospholipid bilayer
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14
Q

The nucleus

A
  • Contains cell’s chromosomes
  • Responsible for mRNA synthesis and export
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15
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

What does chromatin contain?

A

DNA with proteins

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17
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • Encloses the nucleus
  • Double membrane, each is a lipid bilayer
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18
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A
  • Maintains the shape of the nucleus
  • Composed of protein
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19
Q

Chromatin

A
  • DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
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20
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Site of ribosomal RNA transcription and ribosomal assembly
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21
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Made up of proteins and rRNA
  • Responsible for protein synthesis
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22
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Suspended in the cytosol

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23
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

Bound to the ER or nuclear envelope

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24
Q

Endomembrane System

A
  • Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
  • Components of the system are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
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25
Components of the Endomembrane System
- Nucleus - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Lysosomes - Vacuoles - Cell membrane - Vesicles
26
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Membranous system of interconnected tubules and flattned sacs called cisternae
27
Smooth ER
- Synthesizes lipids - Detoxifies drugs and poisons - Stores calcium ions - Lacks ribosomes
28
Rough ER
- Has bound ribosomes, which synthesis proteins to be exported - Involved in protein glycosylation - Membrane synthesis
29
ER Lumen
The internal compartment of the ER
30
Transitional ER
Region on rough ER where vesicles bud off and move to other regions of the cell
31
What is protein glycosylation?
Process of adding carbohydrates to proteins
32
Transport vesicles
Proteins surrounded by membranes
33
Golgi Apparatus/Bodies
- Produces polysaccharides to be exported - Alters structure of macromolecules - Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
34
Lysosomes
- A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
35
Autophagy
Recycling of a cell's organic material
36
Vacuoles
- Diverse maintenance compartment, used for storage - Large vesicles
37
Contractile Vacuoles
- Found in aquatic, unicellular, eukaryotes - They pump excess water out of cells
38
Central Vacuoles
- Found in plant cells - Hold inorganic ions and contributes to cell growth and structure
39
Food Vacuoles
Formed by phagocytosis
40
Hydrolytic Vacuoles
- Similar to lysosomes - Found in plants and fungi
41
Small Vacuoles
Storage of organic compounds like toxins
42
Evolutionary similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Similar to bacteria - Both enveloped by a double membrane - Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules - Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
43
Endosymbiont Theory or the Endosymbiotic Theory of Evolution
- An early ancestor of a eukaryotic cells engulfed a non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, this formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host - They merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion - One of these cells engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts
44
Mitochondria
- Site of cellular respiration - Produces ATP
45
Chloroplasts
- Specialized plastids that are the sites of photosynthesis
46
Thylakoids
- Flattened sacs found inside chroloraprsts - Consists of the thylakoid membrane surrounding the thylakoid space - Electron transfer and ATP synthesis occur here
47
Granum
Stack of thylakoids
48
Stroma
Fluid bathing the thylakoids
49
Peroxisomes
- Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water - Involved in breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful compounds
50
Microtubules
- Thickest diameter of the three components of the cytoskeleton - Hollow - Shapes the cell - Cell motility - Separates chromosomes during cell division - Moves organelles - Resists compression
51
Microfilaments
- Thinnest diameter - Built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits - Resist tension - Changes in cell shape - Muscle contractions - cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
52
Intermediate Filaments
- Middle size - Fibrous proteins coiled into cables - anchorage of nucleus - Formation of nuclear lamina
53
Cytoskeleton
- Helps support cell and maintain its shape - A dynamic network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm
54
Centrosome
- Microtubules grow from a centrosome - Region near nucleus
55
Centrioles
- used in cell division - Not in plant cells
56
Cilia and flagella
- Allow movement - Microtubule-containing extensions of a cell
57
3 Extracellular Components
- Cell walls (plants) - Extracellular matrix (animal cells) - Intercellular junctions
58
Cell Wall
- Has multiple layers - Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake of water
59
Primary Cell Wall
Relatively thin and flexible
60
Secondary Cell Wall
- In some cells - Added between the cell membrane and the primary cell wall
61
Middle Lamella
- Thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells - Lamella=connector
62
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- An extracellular layer around animal cells - Made up of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycans
63
Extracellular Matrix Functions
cell signalling and communication
64
What is a cell junction?
Neighbouring cells often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact; intercellular junctions facilitate this contact
65
Junctions in plants
Plasmodesmata
66
Junctions in animals
- Tight junctions - Gap junctions - Desmosomes
67
Plasmodesmata
- Channels connecting plant cells - allows transfer of small compounds between cells
68
Tight Junctions
tight seals between cells preventing the leakage of extracellular fluid
69
Desmosomes
- Fasten cells together - Anchored by intermediate filaments
70
Gap Junctions
- Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells - animal equivalent of plasmodesmata

Biology - Biochemistry (18 decks)

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