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Biology - Biochemistry > Cell Parts - BIO 102 CONTENT > Flashcards

Cell Parts - BIO 102 CONTENT Flashcards

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1
Q

Overview of cells

A
  • All organisms are made of cells
  • The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
  • Cell structure is correlated to cellular function
  • All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
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2
Q

Light Microscope (LM)

A
  • Limited in what you can see
  • Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
  • Can visualize living organisms
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3
Q

What are Electron Microscopes (Ems)?

A
  • Microscopes used to study subcellular structures
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4
Q

What are the two basic types of electron microscopes?

A
  • Scanning electron microscopes
  • Transmission electron microscopes
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5
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

A
  • Focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen
  • Outer view
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6
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

A
  • Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
  • Used to study the internal structure of cells
  • Do this by slicing what you are looking at
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7
Q

Basic features of ALL cells

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Contains the semifluid substance cytosol
  • Chromosomes (carry genes)
  • Ribosomes (make proteins)
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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • All fluid in all compartments of a cell
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9
Q

Cytosol

A
  • The fluid bathing the organelles
  • NOT found inside organelles
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10
Q

What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by…

A
  • No nucleus
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid
  • Cytoplasm bound by the cell membrane
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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by…

A
  • DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a nuclear envelope
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Cytoplasm in the region between the cell membrane and nucleus
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13
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
  • General structure: phospholipid bilayer
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14
Q

The nucleus

A
  • Contains cell’s chromosomes
  • Responsible for mRNA synthesis and export
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15
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

What does chromatin contain?

A

DNA with proteins

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17
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • Encloses the nucleus
  • Double membrane, each is a lipid bilayer
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18
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A
  • Maintains the shape of the nucleus
  • Composed of protein
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19
Q

Chromatin

A
  • DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
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20
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Site of ribosomal RNA transcription and ribosomal assembly
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21
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Made up of proteins and rRNA
  • Responsible for protein synthesis
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22
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Suspended in the cytosol

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23
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

Bound to the ER or nuclear envelope

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24
Q

Endomembrane System

A
  • Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
  • Components of the system are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
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25
Q

Components of the Endomembrane System

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Cell membrane
  • Vesicles
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26
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Membranous system of interconnected tubules and flattned sacs called cisternae
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27
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Detoxifies drugs and poisons
  • Stores calcium ions
  • Lacks ribosomes
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28
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Has bound ribosomes, which synthesis proteins to be exported
  • Involved in protein glycosylation
  • Membrane synthesis
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29
Q

ER Lumen

A

The internal compartment of the ER

30
Q

Transitional ER

A

Region on rough ER where vesicles bud off and move to other regions of the cell

31
Q

What is protein glycosylation?

A

Process of adding carbohydrates to proteins

32
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Proteins surrounded by membranes

33
Q

Golgi Apparatus/Bodies

A
  • Produces polysaccharides to be exported
  • Alters structure of macromolecules
  • Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
34
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
35
Q

Autophagy

A

Recycling of a cell’s organic material

36
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • Diverse maintenance compartment, used for storage
  • Large vesicles
37
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A
  • Found in aquatic, unicellular, eukaryotes
  • They pump excess water out of cells
38
Q

Central Vacuoles

A
  • Found in plant cells
  • Hold inorganic ions and contributes to cell growth and structure
39
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

Formed by phagocytosis

40
Q

Hydrolytic Vacuoles

A
  • Similar to lysosomes
  • Found in pants and fungi
41
Q

Small Vacuoles

A

Storage of organic compounds like toxins

42
Q

Evolutionary similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

A
  • Similar to bacteria
  • Both enveloped by a double membrane
  • Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
  • Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
43
Q

Endosymbiont Theory or the Endosymbiotic Theory of Evolution

A
  • An early ancestor of a eukaryotic cells engulfed a non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, this formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host
  • They merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion
  • One of these cells engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts
44
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Site of cellular respiration
  • Produces ATP
45
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Specialized plastids that are the sites of photosynthesis
46
Q

Thylakoids

A
  • Flattened sacs found inside chroloraprsts
  • Consists of the thylakoid membrane surrounding the thylakoid space
  • Electron transfer and ATP synthesis occur here
47
Q

Granum

A

Stack of thylakoids

48
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid bathing the thylakoids

49
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
  • Involved in breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful compounds
50
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Thickest diameter of the three components of the cytoskeleton
  • Hollow
  • Shapes the cell
  • Cell motility
  • Separates chromosomes during cell division
  • Moves organelles
  • Resists compression
51
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Thinnest diameter
  • Built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
  • Resist tension
  • Changes in cell shape
  • Muscle contractions
  • cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
52
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  • Middle size
  • Fibrous proteins coiled into cables
  • anchorage of nucleus
  • Formation of nuclear lamina
53
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Helps support cell and maintain its shape
  • A dynamic network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm
54
Q

Centrosome

A
  • Microtubules grow from a centrosome
  • Region near nucleus
55
Q

Centrioles

A
  • used in cell division
  • Not in plant cells
56
Q

Cilia and flagella

A
  • Allow movement
  • Microtubule-containing extensions of a cell
57
Q

3 Extracellular Components

A
  • Cell walls (plants)
  • Extracellular matrix (animal cells)
  • Intercellular junctions
58
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Has multiple layers
  • Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake of water
59
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

Relatively thin and flexible

60
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A
  • In some cells
  • Added between the cell membrane and the primary cell wall
61
Q

Middle Lamella

A
  • Thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
  • Lamella=connector
62
Q

The Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A
  • An extracellular layer around animal cells
  • Made up of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycans
63
Q

Extracellular Matrix Functions

A

cell signalling and communication

64
Q

What is a cell junction?

A

Neighbouring cells often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact; intercellular junctions facilitate this contact

65
Q

Junctions in plants

A

Plasmodesmata

66
Q

Junctions in animals

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Gap junctions
  • Desmosomes
67
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • Channels connecting plant cells
  • allows transfer of small compounds between cells
68
Q

Tight Junctions

A

tight seals between cells preventing the leakage of extracellular fluid

69
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • Fasten cells together
  • Anchored by intermediate filaments
70
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
  • animal equivalent of plasmodesmata

Biology - Biochemistry (18 decks)

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