Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 1

• Energy rich molecules typically produced by autotrophs and consumed by heterotrophs as a source of energy

Question 2

What are the 3 main function of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

1. Fast Energy Source
2. Building materials
3. Cell surface markers

Question 3

Fast Energy Source
(Carb Function)

Answer 3

• including sugar, starch, glycogen, etc

Question 4

Building materials
(Carb Function)

Answer 4

• Cellulose for plants

Question 5

Cell Surface Markers
(Carb Function)

Answer 5

Glycogen and other chains act as ‘fingerprints’ for cells

Question 6

Note about the shape of carbohydrates

Answer 6

• They are linear in the dry state
• They form rings when dissolved in water

Question 7

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 7

• The simple sugars (single subunits)

Question 8

What are the two different types of monosaccharides?

Answer 8

• Aldoses
• Ketoses

Question 9

Aldoses

Answer 9

• Called Aldoses since they contain the aldehyde group

Question 10

Examples of Aldoses?

Answer 10

• Glyceraldehydes
• Ribose
• Glucose
• Galactose

Question 11

Ketoses

Answer 11

• Called Ketoses since they contain the ketone group

Question 12

Examples of ketoses?

Answer 12

• Dihydroxyacetone
• Ribulose
• Fructose

Question 13

Memory tool for ‘OH’ of 𝝰-glucose

Answer 13

down, down, up, down

Question 14

Fructose

Answer 14

• 2 external carbons
• usually considered a fruit sugar
• memory tool: down, down, up

Question 15

What are oligosaccharides?

Answer 15

• Large chains of monosaccharides; including the disaccharides & trisaccharides
• Consists of simple sugars covalently bonded together by ‘Glycosidic Linkages’
• Many not thousands

Question 16

Lactose formula

Answer 16

𝛽-galactose + 𝛽-glucose —> lactose + H2O

Question 17

Lactose glycosidic linkage

Answer 17

𝛽 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Question 18

Polysaccharides

Answer 18

• Complex carbohydrates
• 100’s-1000’s of monosaccharides bonded together

Question 19

4 examples of polysaccharides

Answer 19

1. Glycogen
2. Starch
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin

Question 20

Glycogen

Answer 20

• Created by animal tissues
• Temporary storage

Question 21

Starch

Answer 21

• Made by plants for storage
• Also called amylose

Question 22

Cellulose

Answer 22

• make up plant cell walls
• Produces fiber

Question 23

Chitin

Answer 23

• These make up the tough external skeleton of insects and crustaceans and our found in fungi

Question 24

What covalently bonds simple sugars together?

Answer 24

glycosidic linkages

Question 25

Maltose

Answer 25

• alpha glucose + alpha glucose —> maltose + H20
• alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage

Question 26

What is the reaction of maltose an example of?

Answer 26

A dehydration synthesis reaction/ a condensation reaction/ a type of anabolic reaction

Question 27

Sucrose

Answer 27

• alpha glucose + fructose —> sucrose + H2O
• alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage

Question 28

Alpha Galactose memory tool

Answer 28

• down, down, up, up

Question 29

Beta Glucose memory tool

Answer 29

up, down, up, down

Question 30

What is an isomer?

Answer 30

• a molecule that has the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms