Carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
What are carbohydrates?
A
- Energy rich molecules typically produced by autotrophs and consumed by heterotrophs as a source of energy
2
Q
What are the 3 main function of carbohydrates?
A
- Fast Energy Source
- Building materials
- Cell surface markers
3
Q
Fast Energy Source
(Carb Function)
A
- including sugar, starch, glycogen, etc
4
Q
Building materials
(Carb Function)
A
- Cellulose for plants
5
Q
Cell Surface Markers
(Carb Function)
A
Glycogen and other chains act as ‘fingerprints’ for cells
6
Q
Note about the shape of carbohydrates
A
- They are linear in the dry state
- They form rings when dissolved in water
7
Q
What are monosaccharides?
A
- The simple sugars (single subunits)
8
Q
What are the two different types of monosaccharides?
A
- Aldoses
- Ketoses
9
Q
Aldoses
A
- Called Aldoses since they contain the aldehyde group
10
Q
Examples of Aldoses?
A
- Glyceraldehydes
- Ribose
- Glucose
- Galactose
11
Q
Ketoses
A
- Called Ketoses since they contain the ketone group
12
Q
Examples of ketoses?
A
- Dihydroxyacetone
- Ribulose
- Fructose
13
Q
Memory tool for ‘OH’ of 𝝰-glucose
A
down, down, up, down
14
Q
Fructose
A
- 2 external carbons
- usually considered a fruit sugar
- memory tool: down, down, up
15
Q
What are oligosaccharides?
A
- Large chains of monosaccharides; including the disaccharides & trisaccharides
- Consists of simple sugars covalently bonded together by ‘Glycosidic Linkages’
- Many not thousands
16
Q
Lactose formula
A
𝛽-galactose + 𝛽-glucose —> lactose + H2O
17
Q
Lactose glycosidic linkage
A
𝛽 1-4 glycosidic linkage
18
Q
Polysaccharides
A
- Complex carbohydrates
- 100’s-1000’s of monosaccharides bonded together
19
Q
4 examples of polysaccharides
A
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Chitin
20
Q
Glycogen
A
- Created by animal tissues
- Temporary storage
21
Q
Starch
A
- Made by plants for storage
- Also called amylose
22
Q
Cellulose
A
- make up plant cell walls
- Produces fiber
23
Q
Chitin
A
- These make up the tough external skeleton of insects and crustaceans and our found in fungi
24
Q
What covalently bonds simple sugars together?
A
glycosidic linkages
25
Maltose
- alpha glucose + alpha glucose ---> maltose + H20
- alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage
26
What is the reaction of maltose an example of?
A dehydration synthesis reaction/ a condensation reaction/ a type of anabolic reaction
27
Sucrose
- alpha glucose + fructose ---> sucrose + H2O
- alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage
28
Alpha Galactose memory tool
- down, down, up, up
29
Beta Glucose memory tool
up, down, up, down
30
What is an isomer?
- a molecule that has the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms
